“Mahmud Dramali Pasha”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Dramalı Mahmud Pasha,({{lang-el|Μαχμούτ πασάς Δράμαλης}}(Albanian:Mahmut Pasha), c. 1770 in Istanbul – 26 October 1822 in Corinth) was an Ottoman statesman and military leader. A descendant of Sultan Ahmed III, he was a Sultanzade,^[1] vizier, Serdar-ı Ekrem,^[2] and a pasha, and served as governor (wali) of Larissa, Drama, and the Morea. In 1822, he was tasked with suppressing the Greek War of Independence, but was defeated at the Battle of Dervenakia and died shortly after.

Early life and career

Mahmud Pasha was born in 1770 in Istanbul, He came from a distinguished family: through his mother, Zeynep Sultan, he descended from Sultan Ahmed III. His father Damat Melek Mehmed Pasha, son of İzmirli Süleyman Pasha, was of Albanian origin and served as the Silahdar Agha of Sultan Selim III, after commanding an Albanian regiment in Egypt against Napoleon.

Mahmud was raised and educated at the Topkapi Palace at Istanbul. He participated in various campaigns throughout the Empire, rising to the rank of vizier and acquiring significant military skills. Enjoying the patronage of the Valide Sultan, he was eventually posted in his family's home province of Drama, succeeding his father Melek Mehmed Pasha as governor. From this he got his sobriquet Dramali.

In 1820 he was Pasha of Thessaly at Larissa and participated in the army of Hursid Pasha that was operating against the rebel Ali Pasha of Yannina.^[3]

In the summer of 1821, as the Greek War of Independence began, he crushed the first rebellions by Greeks in the city of Drama.^[4] After the disgrace and suicide of Hursid, took over as Mora valesi, with the task of destroying the Greek revolt in its heart, the Morea. He assembled a well-equipped army of well over 20,000 men, a huge force by Balkan standards, and the largest Ottoman army to enter Greece since the Ottoman invasion of the Morea in 1715. These comprised among others ca. 8,000 cavalry, predominantly from Macedonia and Thrace, and several thousand veterans of the campaign against Ali Pasha.^[5]

The Morea Campaign

At the head of his army, Dramali set off from Larissa in late June 1822, and swept practically unmolested through eastern Greece: his forces marched unopposed through Boeotia, where they razed Thebes, and Attica, where however he did not attempt to retake the Acropolis, which had only shortly before surrendered to the Greeks.

He passed through the defiles of the Megaris unmolested, and entered the Peloponnese. He arrived at Corinth in mid-July, and found the strong fort of Acrocorinth abandoned without a fight by its Greek garrison. He wed the widow of the fort's murdered former commander, Kiamil Bey, and was joined by Yusuf Pasha of Patras, who advised him to remain in Corinth, using it as a base, and to build up strong naval forces in the Corinthian Gulf and isolate the Morea, before advancing on Tripoli. But Dramali, by now utterly self-confident by the Greeks' apparent reluctance to oppose him, decided to march at once to the south, towards the Argolis.

His advance caused a panic among the Greeks: the siege of Nafplio was abandoned just as the garrison was preparing to surrender, and the provisional government fled Argos and embarked on ships for safety. However, on arriving at Argos on 11 July, Dramali made two critical mistakes: he did not secure his main supply and retreat route through the Dervenakia Pass, and ignored the fact that the absence of the Ottoman Navy meant that he could not be supplied by sea. Instead, he focused on taking the town's fort, stubbornly defended by a 700-strong Greek garrison under Demetrios Ypsilantis, which held out for twelve vital days, before breaking through the besiegers' lines and escaping. During that time, the Greeks, under Theodoros Kolokotronis, rallied their forces, and occupied the surrounding hills and defiles, including the Dervenakia. The Greeks systematically looted the villages of the Argolic plain, even setting fire to the crops and damaging the springs, so as to starve the Turkish army.

Trapped in the sweltering summer heat of the Argolic plain, without water and food, Dramali was forced to plan withdrawing back to Corinth. On 26 July he sent out his cavalry as an advance guard towards the Dervenakia pass. But the Greeks were expecting the move, and had taken up positions there. The resulting battle was a complete Greek victory, with few Ottomans managing to escape. Finally, two days later, Dramali set out with his main army. Although he and his bodyguard managed to pass, the majority of his army, as well as the treasury and most baggage and equipment, were trapped in the pass and massacred. The result of Dramali's campaign, which had started so well, was a complete disaster: out of more than 30,000 soldiers, only 6,000 returned to Corinth, where Dramali died of high fever.

Dramali's defeat saved the Greek uprising from an early failure. The extent of the defeat was such that it entered into the modern Greek language as a proverb: "η νίλα του Δράμαλη" (Dramali's fiasco), which is used to denote a complete disaster. His descendants live today in Egypt and Turkey.

Notes and references

1. ^from Turkish/Persian; a title indicating a prince without the right of succession, given to the son of a daughter or sister of an Ottoman Sultan.
2. ^from Persian/Arabic, "Generous Lord", a title given to viziers who acted as commanders-in-chief of an army.
3. ^Finlay, pp. 95-99
4. ^Finlay, pp. 242-249
5. ^Finlay, p. 350

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