| 词条 | Mahul |
| 释义 |
| name = Mahul | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = village | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Mumbai | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mumbai, India | coordinates = {{coord|19|00|N|72|53|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | registration_plate = MH- | website = | footnotes = }}Mahul is a fishing village in Kurla Tehsil, Mumbai, located on the eastern seafront of the Mumbai Suburban District[1]. Its population majorly consists of Koli community who were the first inhabitants of Mumbai. Since 2017, Mahul has been in news for the abhorrent conditions of its 72 building slum resettlement colony, for which it has come to be referred to as Mumbai's "human dumping ground", where the poor "are sent to die".[2][3][4] Mahul Koli Mahotsav is celebrated every year by villagers which provides entertainment and great food for fish lovers. The deity of the Koli community is Ekvira Devi. There is a village market where fresh fish is available in abundance. There are also food stalls managed by local women near the bus stop which serve fish and sea food. A Hanuman temple is also located in the here. There are industrial establishments operated by BPCL and Tata in the neighbourhood of Mahul. BEST bus services are available from Kurla East (Nos. 361 and 363) and other areas of Mumbai. Bombay Port Trust (BPT) Road on the eastern coast connects Mahul to South Mumbai and Wadala which is a good option for four wheelers to avoid traffic. One can also see flamingos on Mahul's coast. Flamingos are the pink feathered birds who migrate to Mumbai during the months of October to March. There is also a small village inside Mahul called Ambapada. From the "Dhakka" in Mahul village, People can hire fishermen boats up to The Elephanta island. There is also a small police station in Mahul. BEST buses Makes easy for the people to go to places like Chembur rly. station (Harbour line), Kurla rly. Station (Central line), Bandra rly. stn.(Western line). The new made Eastern Freeway has made easier for the people of Mahul to travel to South Mumbai and Vashi and Panvel. There is also a MMRDA Government colony in Mahul. There is also an auto stand in Mahul, next to the Bus stop. There is a BEST depot in Mahul. Mahul Rehabilitation HousingNeighborhood PlanningThe Mahul Projected Affected Persons (PAP) township, alternately known as 'Eversmile Layout'[5] is built under the Slum Rehabilitation Authority's PAP scheme. The scheme area of the township is 16.15 Hectares. There are 17,205 tenements built in the scheme that are meant to accommodate 86,025 inhabitants. The National Building Code of India (NCBI) defines the maximum permissible density for low-income housing schemes as 500 tenements per hectare. Mahul township is 1,327 tenements per hectare. In most contexts, these many families do not constitute a neighborhood but a city district. The township does not have adequate infrastructure requirements to support acceptable urban life for such a large population.[6] The township was developed originally for rehabilitating hutment dwellers displaced due to the implementation of the Brihanmumbai Storm Water Disposal System (BRIMSTOWAD). As of December 2017, the township was less than 50% occupied. The MCGM is trying to rehabilitate hutment dwellers that it is evicting along the Tansa Pipleline, and is facing strong opposition from the families being relocated. People have complained about the unlivability of the township due to its proximity to the Bharat Petroleum (BPCL) refinery, inaccessible location (the nearest railway station, Sion, is 7.0 km away), poor neighbourhood planning, insanitary conditions, absence of social infrastructure and absence of livelihood opportunities.[7] The buildings also violate Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI) guidelines, NBCI or the various other development control regulations that define the ratio between road widths, courtyards and building heights. As a result, all buildings in Mahul are deficient in terms of light, and fresh air. Security Concerns & OppositionBPCL filed a special leave petition against the state in January 2008 to stop the constructions of the SRA building citing reasons of security concerns[8]. This petition was also supported by the Union Ministry for Home Affairs. Ms. Vandana Kiri, then Director (VIP Security) also added that the residents themselves will not be safe as the buildings were just 80 metres away from the oil tanks. She said that, in case of explosions, evacuation would be difficult and will put the residents at extreme risk[9]. A report by the Intelligence Bureau in 2000 also cited concerns that multi-storeyed buildings could be used for observations and sabotage sensitive installations of refineries in the area[9][10]. Then Zonal Deputy Police Commissioner, Dilip Sawant, was also opposed to the construction. The three member committee appointed following BPCL's petition found that SRA had started construction without a proper security assessment.[9] BPCL lost the case. In 2010 and 2013, to address the security concerns, about 2000 service apartments were allotted to Mumbai police as resident quarters. Police were also given given absolute authority to scrutinise people who were allotted residence in the complex and 2 police beat chowkies were to be installed at strategic points to increase security of vital installations of the refinery. BPCL was also ordered to provide extra vigilance.[11] However, in 2018, it was reported that no police personnel had shifted there and cited various reasons for not moving there. One police constable said that there were no good schools and another said the pollution level is very high. The police department even considered combining flats and offering bigger houses but they found no takers for the flats in Mahul. The proposal for turning the spaces into training ground for police also did not materialise due to lack of availability of open grounds.[12] Environmental IssuesMahul is surrounded by heavy industries and sewage treatment plants like RCF, Bharat Petroleum, Hindustan Petroleum, Tata Power, Indian Oil and Aegis Logistics. In 2009, 30 people fell ill after a gas leak from a chemical plant of Aegis Logistics Ltd. However, the company denied any leaks claiming this was a false complaint created by the villagers.[13] A study done on the Mahul creek found that the annual average COD level was 362.09 ppm, with the maximum tolerable level being 250 ppm set for inland surface water as well as marine coastal water. The annual average conductivity was found to be 6122.81 µS cm-1, whereas the conductivity limit for inland surface water is 1000 µS cm-1, set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for propagation of fisheries. The water was also found to be strongly alkaline. The annual average hardness level of the creek water was found to be 2488.65 ppm: the limit set by ISI is 300 ppm.[14] In 2013, a leak from a pipeline carrying crude oil was reported. This leak started in third week of October, 2013 and went unnoticed till first week of November, 2013. CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai conducted a study and reported that around 12 acres of mangroves[15] had been affected. The study also concluded that the damage done impacted the breathing roots of the mangroves and since it occurred on the surface the damage done would affect for a long time to come.[15] The damage affected local fishermen and fisherwomen's income; cutting them down by 50%. Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT) claimed that the leak was plugged and called it a ‘pinhole leak’ while activists estimate the leak and its damage was much larger. Suryakant Vaity, president of Vanevaale Machchi Mandal, said that the fish they catch now are stinky and during low tide, they see layers of oil over the water. In an oil spill in 2012, 30 Mahul fishermen had to stop operations for two months and they were compensated in 2013 by Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL).[16][17] On 8 August 2018, a fire from an explosion at the hydrocracker unit of the Bharat Petroleum Corp Ltd (BPCL) injured 43 people.[18][19][20] In is first inception report submitted in 2018, IIT noted that the colony is too close to the Coastal Regulation Zone's demarcated High Tide Line and warns that even the "slightest change in any geomorphological event such as land subsidence or sea level rise, the high tide line can shift landwards and cover the entire built up area in this zone thereby endangering the human inhabitation".[21] Mahul Health Issues & Residents' Protest30,000 people[22] were relocated to the MMRDA Government colony from Powai, Ghatkopar, Chembur, Vakola and Bandra (East)[19] due to various projects like road-widening, metro construction and moving settlements within 10 metres of major water pipelines. People are suffering from various issues, like breathing difficulties, skin irritations etc. due to the massive pollution issues seen around the chemical industrial complex. A BMC health official said that 7 out of 20 patients who come to the clinic complained about skin diseases and 70% of these were contracted after the residents had shifted to Mahul.[23] Residents have lost their family members within years or months of moving into Mahul.[22] There have been at least 88 deaths[24] that have occurred in this area due to the toxic environment. In 2015, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) acknowledged that Mahul was highly polluted and not fit for human habitation. It also referred to the KEM Hospital Survey of respiratory morbidity of 2013 that highlighted that 67.1% of the people in Mahul and Ampabada complained of breathlessness more than 3 times in a month, eye irritation (86.6%), history of choking sensations (84.5%), frequent sneezing complaints (40.2%) and most complained being bothered by the strong smell from the factories (80.4%).[25][22] Still, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) rehabilitated a 1000 families there.[26] A report by Environment Pollution Research Centre (EPRC) of KEM Hospital confirmed that Mahul-Chembur Belt (Ambapada and Chereshwar) had high levels of toluene diisocyanate and the residents complained of symptoms that match with the listed health hazards of this chemical. This report of December, 2014 was ordered by the NGT after the residents of the area lodged a complaint of pollution with the NGT. The report also recommended that containment measures be immediately taken as toulene diisocyanate is toxic in as low as 0.5 ppm concentration.[25] An interim report released in December 2018 by IIT has confirmed that the area is not fit for habitation as the buildings where the residents were shifted is in the direction of wind. It also reports that in an inspection of the water tank, a thin layer of oil was found on drinking water. The report corroborates the residents' complaints and earlier reports.[27] Authorities play the usual blame game where the BMC blames the Government of Maharashtra and the State Government blames the previous State Government that was in power. There was a major story that was done by Mirror Now, an Indian news TV channel ("Families Sentenced To Death? #MumbaisToxicHell | The Urban Debate With Faye D'souza").[28] IIT Bombay and KEM Hospital ReportsUnder the directions of the Bombay High Court, the Urban Development Department of the Maharashtra Government had asked IIT Bombay in 2018 to carry out a study titled "Survey of various infrastructural facilities to be provided to the Mahul Project Rehabilitees". The final report, submitted by the State Government to the High Court on 8 March 2019 concluded that the State Government had no option but to shift the entire population out of Mahul.[29] While arguing for the urgent provision of basic civic and public amenities and structural demolition of some floors and buildings to allow for better air flow and sunlight, the report admitted that they would be unlikely to address the serious problems of air and water pollution from the surrounding industrial complex. "Hospitals and healthcare facilities can treat people after they fall ill, but not prevent illnesses and diseases," the conclusion of the report said. Regarding the health status of Mahul residents, the report contained a "list of health diseases after moving to Mahul" which mentioned skin infection (204 instances), complaints of fever cold and cough (129), complaints of body ache (72), stomach issues (56), respiratory diseases (34), blood pressure disorders (29), eye infections (25), diabetes (30) and tuberculosis (15). The findings matched with the report of Environmental Pollution Research Centre (EPRC) of KEM hospital submitted to the National Green Tribunal in 2014, which had also found residents of Chembur-Mahul belt complaining of skin and eye irritation (86.6 % of residents), breathlessness (67.1%), frequent sneezing (84.5%), choking sensations in the chest (40.2%) along with frequent cough and cold and attributed it to the presence of the chemical toluene diisocyante.[30] The levels of toluene detected were as high as 83 microgrammes per cubic metre and the report notes that the chemical can be toxic in concentrations as low as 0.5 microgrammes per cubic metre. Asking the authorities to immediately undertaking containment measures for emission of toluene, it issues a subdued warning of a situation similar to Bhopal Gas Tragedy if the situation is allowed to deteriorate. [31] Residents' ProtestsMahul Prakalpgrast Samiti, a group of local resident activists[19] have been organising people to demand remedies from the government. The Jeevan Bahchao Andolan was also born out of the subsequent protests. On 19th August 2018, the residents staged a silent protest outside the housing minister, Prakash Mehta's house. This protest was fuelled by the explosion at the BPCL refinery (located within 60ft of one the MMRDA buildings) on 8th August 2018.[18] Since 23rd October 2018, over 500 residents[24] have been protesting at Tansa pipleine, near Vidyavihar to demand rehabilitation out of Mahul. On Diwali, the Indian festival of lights, the residents 'celebrated Black Diwali' highlighting their plight.[32] On 11 November 2018, more than 1000 people marched forming a human chain of approximately 3 km from Sindhuwadi Signal, Ghatkopar which ended at Prakash Mehta's home, the housing minister, demanding action for rehabilitation. The minister did not come out to meet the protesters but after the protesters refused to move, he spoke to activist Medha Patkar on the phone and fixed a meeting for 12th Nov 2018.[33][34] At this meeting it was announced that a meeting with the Chief Minister will be fixed and also announced that temporary shelter will be provided at HDIL Kurla.[35][36][37][38] After over a month of the 'sit-in' protests, on 27th November 2018, Mahul residents organised a bike rally from Vidyavihar to Vidhan Bhavan. They stopped at the Mantralay to put up large postcards addressed to the government, demanding rehabilitation. A day before, the residents had sent more than 500 postcards to the Chief Minister. On the same day, in the afternoon, a meeting was held with the Chief Minister to discuss the promises made earlier. The rally was held to remind and send a strong message to the government about the continued delay in concrete action by the government.[39] However, since there has been no real movement from the state, Mahul residents and Medha Patkar announced on the 35th Day of the protest (1 December 2018) that if the Chief Minister does not shift the residents within 10 days then they will be marching in large numbers and protesting outside the State Secretariat Building.[24] Owing to no response from the state, on 15th December 2018, the protesting residents marched from Carnac Bunder to Azad Maidan to demand that the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Devendra Fadnavis, meet the residents[40][41][42]. The protesters continued staying at Azad Maidan till 21st December when the chief minister called for a meeting at his residence after which the protest has been shifted back to the Vidyavihar protest site.[54] The protesters have taken to social media bringing visibility to movement with the hashtag #MumbaisToxicHell and online petitions.[43] To mark 100 days of the protest, on 5th February 2019, the protesters led out a silent candle march[44] in Vidyavihar. The march highlighted the 22 deaths that took place during the last 100 days itself. Medha Patkar announced, "I am reminding the State government that 22 people have died within 100 days and they are solely responsible. We are covering our mouths to show we have no voice because the government has become deaf to people's rights"[45] Judicial BattleA division bench of Justice Abhay Oka and Justice Ajay Gadkari[46] have been hearing petitions filed by the residents in the Bombay High Court. Government ResponseOn 19th December 2018, MHADA announced the decision of allotting 300 houses to the worst affected residents as temporary relief on humanitarian grounds. BMC is to pay rent for this accommodation till a solution is reached. MHADA president Uday Samant, Mayor Vishwanath Mahadeshwar and Shiv Sena MLA Mangesh Kudalkar visited Azad Maidan[59] and spoke to the residents. The allotment is to be done on a need basis in areas like Gorai, Borivali and Dharavi.[47] On 21st December 2018, a Government Resolution was passed announcing the formation of a four member committee to resolve this issue. The committee is headed by the municipal commissioner, Ajoy Mehta, the CEOs of Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) and Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) and the director of the environment department.[48] However, this move has been criticized by the residents protesting and supporters as this committee does not involve any representatives from the residents nor does it set any concrete deadline for decisions. The residents announced that the protest will continue till actual relocation does not take place as they allege that this move by the chief minister might be a tactic to buy more time instead of taking action.[49] The Bombay High Court had already ordered the formation of such a committee earlier in the year, on 8th August, 2018. 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Updated:|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-03-22|last3=2019|last4=Ist|first4=06:00}} 30. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/move-mahul-residents-out-says-iit-report/article26475947.ece|title=Move Mahul residents out, says IIT report|last=Deshpande|first=Tanvi|date=2019-03-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}} 31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/kem-report-points-to-high-toluene-levels-in-chembur-mahul-belt/|title=KEM report points to high toluene levels in Chembur-Mahul belt|date=2015-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-03-22}} 32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/due-neglect-migrants-people-mahul-celebrate-black-diwali/|title=स्थलांतराकडे दुर्लक्ष केल्याने माहुलवासीयांची काळी दिवाळी|last=author/online-lokmat|date=2018-11-07|website=Lokmat|access-date=2018-12-10}} 33. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mahul-residents-protest-for-a-better-living-space/article25470465.ece|title=Mahul residents protest for a better living space|last=Nair|first=Veena|date=2018-11-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}} 34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/human-chain-ends-at-housing-mins-home/articleshow/66582690.cms|title=Human chain ends at housing min’s home|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2018-12-02}} 35. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/finally-mahul-residents-may-be-shifted-to-kurla/article25480222.ece|title=Finally, Mahul residents may be shifted to Kurla|last=Reporter|first=Staff|date=2018-11-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}} 36. ^{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/bjpprakashmehta/status/1061931054796165121?s=19|title=Prakash Mehta on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-12-03|language=en}} 37. ^{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-5500-families-to-be-moved-to-kurla-from-toxic-mahul/articleshow/66598280.cms|title=Mumbai: 5,500 families to be moved to Kurla from toxic Mahul - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-03}} 38. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/are-mahul-s-mumbaiites-lesser-citizens-of-the-state/story-E0uoIcGVWn3IqX2EKkD3kM.html|title=Are Mahul’s Mumbaiites lesser citizens of the State?|last=|first=|date=2018-11-15|website=|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-30}} 39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/news/india/mahul-residents-organise-bike-rally-in-protest-demand-rehabilitation/16318|title=Mahul residents organise bike rally in protest & demand rehabilitation|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-12-10}} 40. ^{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mahul-residents-defy-bombay-hc-refuse-to-leave-azad-maidan-after-dark/articleshow/67110971.cms|title=Mahul residents defy Bombay HC, refuse to leave Azad Maidan after dark - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-24}} 41. ^{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/mahul-residents-protest-in-azad-maidan/articleshow/67132744.cms|title=भीक नको, हवे हक्काचे घर!|date=2018-12-18|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=2018-12-24}} 42. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundxero.in/2018/12/18/mahul-residents-occupy-azad-maidan-in-mumbai-demanding-proper-rehabilitation/|title=» Mahul residents occupy Azad Maidan in Mumbai demanding Proper Rehabilitation|access-date=2018-12-24}} 43. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46436829|title=The 'toxic hell' where poor are forced to live|date=2018-12-29|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-12-30|language=en-GB}} 44. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mahul-100-days-of-agitation/article26178658.ece|title=Mahul: 100 days of agitation|last=Molshree|date=2019-02-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}} 45. ^{{Cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2019/02/04/Mahul_100_days_of_agitation/|title=Mahul: 100 days of agitation|website=article.wn.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-22}} 46. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/100319/mahul-too-toxic-to-live-says-iit-b-report.html|title=Mahul too toxic to live, says IIT-B report|date=2019-03-10|website=The Asian Age|access-date=2019-03-22}} 47. ^{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/mhada-offers-300-transit-houses-to-mahul-paps/articleshow/67170433.cms|title=MHADA offers 300 transit houses to Mahul PAPs|last=Gwalani|first=Payal|last2=Gwalani|first2=Chaitanya MarpakwarPayal|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2018-12-24|last3=Marpakwar|first3=Chaitanya|last4=Dec 20|first4=Mumbai Mirror {{!}} Updated:|last5=2018|last6=Ist|first6=06:00}} 48. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-residents-of-mahul-reject-cms-committee-5505645/|title=Mumbai: Residents of Mahul reject CM’s committee|date=2018-12-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-12-24}} 49. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mahul-locals-not-happy-say-protest-will-continue/articleshow/67212452.cms|title=Mahul locals ‘not happy’, say protest will continue - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-24}} 2 : Cities and towns in Mumbai Suburban district|Neighbourhoods in Mumbai |
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