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词条 Mainland Chinese Braille
释义

  1. Braille charts

      Initials    Finals    Tones    Punctuation    Rules    Ambiguity  

  2. Usage

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

{{for|Mandarin braille in Taiwan|Taiwanese Braille}}{{Infobox writing system
| name = Chinese Braille
| altname = {{Braille cell|background=tansparent|⠓|⠩|⠆|⠓|⠡|⠂| |⠍|⠦|⠂|⠒|⠂}}
| type = Semisyllabary
| typedesc =
| time =
| languages = Standard Mandarin
| fam1 = Night writing
| fam2 = Braille
| print = Pinyin, zhuyin
| creator =
| sample =
| imagesize =
| note = none
}}{{SpecialChars}}{{Chinese|collapse=no
|t=現行盲文 |s=现行盲文 |p=Xiànxíng Mángwén
|l=Current Braille
}}

(Mainland) Chinese Braille is a braille script used for Standard Mandarin in China.[1] Consonants and basic finals conform to international braille, but additional finals form a semi-syllabary, as in zhuyin (bopomofo). Each syllable is written with up to three Braille cells, representing the initial, final, and tone, respectively. In practice tone is generally omitted as it is in pinyin.

Braille charts

Traditional Chinese Braille is as follows:[2]

Initials

Chinese Braille initials generally follow the pinyin assignments of international braille. However, j, q, x are replaced with g, k, h, as the difference is predictable from the final. (This reflects the historical change of g, k, h (and also z, c, s) to j, q, x before i and ü.) The digraphs ch, sh, zh are assigned to {{bc|⠟}} (its pronunciation in Russian Braille), {{bc|⠱}} (a common pronunciation in international braille), and {{bc|⠌}}. R is assigned to {{bc|⠚}}, reflecting the old Wade-Giles transcription of {{angle bracket|j}}. ({{bc|⠗}} is used for the final er, the pronunciation of the name of that letter in English Braille.)

Pinyin bpmfdtnlg/jk/qh/xzhchshrzcs
Bopomofoㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍ

ㄐ

ㄎ

ㄑ

ㄏ

ㄒ

ㄓㄔㄕㄖㄗㄘㄙ
Brailletype=image|⠃}}type=image|⠏}}type=image|⠍}}type=image|⠋}}type=image|⠙}}type=image|⠞}}type=image|⠝}}type=image|⠇}}type=image|⠛}}type=image|⠅}}type=image|⠓}}type=image|⠌}}type=image|⠟}}type=image|⠱}}type=image|⠚}}type=image|⠵}}type=image|⠉}}type=image|⠎}}

Finals

The finals approximate international values for several of the basic vowels ({{bc|⠢}} e (o), {{bc|⠊}} yi, {{bc|⠕}} wo, {{bc|⠥}} wu, {{bc|⠬}} yü, {{bc|⠳}} you, {{bc|⠮}} ei), but then necessarily diverge. However, there are a few parallels with other braille alphabets: {{bc|⠗}} er and {{bc|⠽}} wai are pronounced like the names of those letters in English braille; {{bc|⠑}} ye, {{bc|⠫}} ya, and {{bc|⠳}} you are pronounced like those letters in Russian Braille. {{bc|type=t|ç}} yuan, {{bc|type=t|23456}} yue, {{bc|type=t|gh}} yin, are similar to the old French pronunciations oin, ieu, in. For the most part, however, Chinese Braille finals do not obviously derive from previous conventions.

The pinyin final -i is only written where it corresponds to yi. Otherwise* (in ci zi si ri chi zhi shi) no final is written, a convention also found in zhuyin. The final -e is not written in {{bc|d}} de, a common grammatical particle written with several different characters in print.[3]

PinyinBopomofoBraille
aㄚtype=6dot|⠔}}
e/oㄛ

ㄜ

ㄝ

type=6dot|⠢}}
aiㄞtype=6dot|⠪}}
eiㄟtype=6dot|⠮}}
aoㄠtype=6dot|⠖}}
ouㄡtype=6dot|⠷}}
anㄢtype=6dot|⠧}}
enㄣtype=6dot|⠴}}
angㄤtype=6dot|⠦}}
engㄥtype=6dot|⠼}}
PinyinBopomofoBraille
yi, -i*ㄧtype=6dot|⠊}}
ya, -iaㄧㄚtype=6dot|⠫}}
ye, -ieㄧㄝtype=6dot|⠑}}
yao, -iaoㄧㄞtype=6dot|⠜}}
you, -iuㄧㄡtype=6dot|⠳}}
yan, -ianㄧㄢtype=6dot|⠩}}
yang, -iangㄧㄤtype=6dot|⠭}}
yin, -inㄧㄣtype=6dot|⠣}}
ying, -ingㄧㄥtype=6dot|⠡}}
PinyinBopomofoBraille
wu, -uㄨtype=6dot|⠥}}
wa, -uaㄨㄚtype=6dot|⠿}}
wo, -uoㄨㄛtype=6dot|⠕}}
wai, -uaiㄨㄞtype=6dot|⠽}}
wei, -uiㄨㄟtype=6dot|⠺}}
wan, -uanㄨㄢtype=6dot|⠻}}
wen, -unㄨㄣtype=6dot|⠒}}
wang, -uangㄨㄤtype=6dot|⠶}}
weng, -ongㄨㄥtype=6dot|⠲}}
PinyinBopomofoBraille
yu, -üㄩtype=6dot|⠬}}
yue, -üeㄩㄝtype=6dot|⠾}}
yuan, -üanㄩㄢtype=6dot|⠯}}
yun, -ünㄩㄣtype=6dot|⠸}}
yong, -iongㄩㄥtype=6dot|⠹}}
erㄦtype=6dot|⠗}}

Tones

Tone is marked sparingly.

Tone1234neutral
Pinyin¯´ˇ`(none)
Zhuyin(none)ˊˇˋ˙
Brailletype=6dot|⠁}}type=6dot|⠂}}type=6dot|⠄}}type=6dot|⠆}}(none)

Punctuation

Chinese Braille punctuation approximates the form of international braille punctuation, but several spread the corresponding dots across two cells rather than one. For example, the period is {{braille cell|type=text|⠐|⠆}}, which is the same pattern as the international single-cell norm of {{braille cell|type=text|dd}}.

Printlabels=no|s=。}}labels=no|s=,}}labels=no|s=、}}labels=no|s=?}}labels=no|s=!}}labels=no|s=:}}labels=no|s=;}}labels=no|s=-}}labels=no|s=—}}labels=no|s=…}}labels=no|s=·}}labels=no|s=(}}labels=no|s=)}}labels=no|s=}}labels=no|s=《}}labels=no|s=》}}labels=no|s="}}labels=no|s='}}
Chinese Brailletype=6dot|size=20px|⠐|⠆}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠐}}type=6dot|size=20px|4}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠐|⠄}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠰|⠂}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠒}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠰}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠤}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠠|⠤}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠐|⠐|⠐}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠠|⠄}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠰|⠄}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠠|⠆}}type=6dot|size=20px|⠰|⠆}}type=6dot|size=20px|5|36}}type=6dot|size=20px|36|2}}type=6dot|size=20px|45}}type=6dot|size=20px|45|45}}
French equivalenttype=text|dd}}type=text|comma}}type=text|en}}type=text|!}}type=text|:}}type=text|;}}type=text|hyphen}}type=text|'|'|'}}type=text|}}type=text|hh}}type=text|jj}}type=text|()}}

Rules

Two examples, the first with full tone marking, the second with tone for disambiguation only:

{{zh|labels=no|s=时间不早了！ (時間不早了！)}}

⠱⠂⠛⠩⠁⠀⠃⠥⠆⠀⠵⠖⠄⠀⠇⠢⠰⠂

{{bc>⠱|⠂|⠛|⠩|⠁|0}}{{bc>⠃|⠥|⠆|0}}{{bc>⠵|⠖|⠄|0}}{{bc>⠇|⠢|⠰|⠂}}
labels=no|s=时间}}labels=no|s=不}}labels=no|s=早}}labels=no|s=了！}}
Shíjiān bù zǎo le!
time not early {{sc|pfv}}|perfective}}

{{zh|labels=no|s=草地上的花是风吹开的。}}

⠉⠖⠄⠙⠊⠆⠀⠱⠦⠀⠙⠀⠓⠿⠁⠀⠱⠆⠀⠋⠼⠀⠟⠺⠅⠪⠀⠙⠐⠆

{{bc>c|ff|3|d|i|23|0}}{{bc>wh|hh|0}}{{bc>d|0}}{{bc>h|123456|a|0}}{{bc>wh|23|0}}{{bc>f|#|0}}{{bc>q|w|k|ow|0}}{{bc>d|5|23}}
labels=no|s=草地}}labels=no|s=上}}labels=no|s=的}}labels=no|s=花}}labels=no|s=是}}labels=no|s=风}}labels=no|s=吹开}}labels=no|s=的。}}
cǎodì shang de huā shi feng chuikai de.
grass above which flower is wind blown away by

Ambiguity

Chinese Braille has the same low level of ambiguity that pinyin does. In practice, tone is omitted 95% of the time, which leads to a space saving of a third. Tone is also omitted in pinyin military telegraphy, and causes little confusion in context.

The initial pairs g/j, k/q, h/x are distinguished by the final: initials j, q, x are followed by the vowels i or ü, while the initials g, k, h are followed by other vowels. This reflects the historical derivation of j, q, x from g, k, h before i and ü,[4] and parallels the dual pronunciations of c and g in Spanish and Italian. In pinyin, the redundancy is resolved in the other direction, with the diaeresis omitted from ü after j, q, x. Thus braille {{angle bracket|gü}} is equivalent to pinyin ju:

{{bc|⠛|⠥}} gu,

{{bc|⠛|⠬}} ju.

Usage

The China Library for the Blind ({{zh|s=中国盲文图书馆}}) in Beijing has several thousand volumes, mostly published by the China Braille Press ({{zh|s=中国盲文出版社}}).[5] The National Taiwan Library has a Braille room with a postal mail service and some electronic documents.[6]

See also

Notes

1. ^Pace Unesco (2013), a different alphabet is used in Taiwan, Taiwanese Braille.
2. ^Vivian Aldridge, 2000 [2002] How is Chinese written in braille?
3. ^UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage, 3rd edition.
({{bc|d}} is mistakenly said to be a contraction of di in the charts, but is confirmed as de in the sample.)
4. ^They also derive from z, c, s before i or ü, and this is the identity reflected in Taiwanese braille.
5. ^{{cite web|last=Fruchterman |first=Jim |url=http://benetech.blogspot.com/2008/10/china-braille-press.html |title=Beneblog: Technology Meets Society: China Braille Press |publisher=Benetech.blogspot.com |date=2008-10-08 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v10n01/chen_c01.html |title=Delivery of Library Materials |publisher=Southernlibrarianship.icaap.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}

References

Further reading

External links

{{Spoken Wikipedia|Chinese-braille.ogg|2011-01-24}}