| 词条 | Maintenance of Internal Security Act |
| 释义 |
| imagesize = 100 | imagealt = Maintenance of Internal Security Act | enacted_by = Parliament of India | status = repealed }} The Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) was a controversial law passed by the Indian parliament in 1971 giving the administration of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Indian law enforcement agencies very broad powers – indefinite preventive detention of individuals, search and seizure of property without warrants, and wiretapping – in the quelling of civil and political disorder in India, as well as countering foreign-inspired sabotage, terrorism, subterfuge and threats to national security. The law was amended several times during the subsequently declared national emergency (1975–1977) and used for quelling political dissent. Finally it was repealed in 1977, when Indira Gandhi lost the Indian general election, 1977 and the Janata Party came to power.[1] HistoryThe Act was enacted on July 2, 1971, and replaced the previous ordinance, the "Maintenance of Internal Security Ordinance" promulgated by the President of India on May 7, 1971. The Act was based on the Preventive Detention Act of 1950 (PDA), enacted for a period of a year, before it was extended until December 31, 1969.[2] The legislation gained infamy for its disregard of legal and constitutional safeguards of civil rights, especially when "going all the way down" on the competition, and during the period of national emergency (1975–1977) as thousands of innocent people were believed to have been arbitrarily arrested, tortured and in some cases, even forcibly sterilized.[3][4] The legislation was also invoked to justify the arrest of Indira Gandhi's political opponents, including the leaders and activists of the opposition Janata Party. In all, during the emergency period of 1975–1977, some 1,00,000 people, which included journalists, scholars, activists and opposition politicians were detained without trial for a period of up to 18 months. Some people were even detained for opposing forced sterilization drives or demolition of slums carried out during this period.[1] The 39th Amendment to the Constitution of India placed MISA in the 9th Schedule to the Constitution, thereby making it totally immune from any judicial review even on the grounds that it contravened the Fundamental Rights which are guaranteed by the Constitution, or violated the Basic Structure. The law was repealed in 1977 following the election of a Janata Party-led government; the 44th Amendment Act of 1978 similarly removed MISA from the 9th Schedule.[2] However, other coercive legislation like Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA), the Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA, 1968), and economic counterpart of the act, Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA) enacted on December 13, 1974 to prevent smuggling and black-marketing in foreign exchange is still enforced.[2] Controversial successors to such legislation include the National Security Act (1980), Terrorism and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA, 1985–1995), and the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA, 2002), criticized for authorizing excessive powers for the aim of fighting internal and cross-border terrorism and political violence, without safeguards for civil freedoms.[2][5] PensionIn the non-Indian National Congress ruled states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh,[10][6] people detained under Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) and Defence of India Act (DIR) during the 1975–1977 national emergency, get Rs. 15000 pension per month from the respective state governments. In 2014, the Rajasthan government restarted its pension scheme of Rs. 12000 per month for 800 enlisted former detainees, first launched under Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje's first term in 2008. The scheme was discontinued in 2009, by Ashok Gehlot-led Congress government.[7][8] DetaineesSome notable political leaders imprisoned under Maintenance of Internal Security Act:
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|last2=Diamond|first2=Larry|last3=Plattner|first3=Marc F.|title=The State of India's Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgs1tFTh-JMC&pg=PA130|date=13 August 2007|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8791-8|pages=130–}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Harding|first1=Andrew|last2=Hatchard|first2=John|title=Preventive Detention and Security Law: A Comparative Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0eBd0JDvRQC&pg=PA61|year=1993|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=0-7923-2432-3|pages=61–}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Saxena|first=Priti|title=Preventive Detention and Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2k3QCHpcroC&pg=PA99|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-992-3|pages=99–}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Current Trends in Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-c0nGTRxRIC&pg=PA115|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-798-1|pages=115–}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Ujjwal Kumar|title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx00xCWCulEC&pg=PA246|date=6 January 2009|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-7829-884-9|pages=246–}} 6. ^{{cite web | title = Misa detainees to get monthly pension in Chhattisgarh|publisher=The Telegraph | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080524/jsp/nation/story_9311405.jsp |date=May 24, 2008| accessdate = 2014-05-29 }} 7. ^1 {{cite web | title = Raje re-launches pension scheme for MISA and DIR detainees |publisher=The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/raje-relaunches-pension-scheme-for-misa-and-dir-detainees/article5738477.ece |date=March 1, 2014|accessdate = 2014-05-29 }} 8. ^{{cite web | title = Monthly pension to detainees under Maintenance of Internal Security Act | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Monthly-pension-to-detainees-under-Maintenance-of-Internal-Security-Act/articleshow/28353798.cms |date=January 4, 2014| accessdate = 2014-05-29 | publisher = The Times of India }} External links
7 : The Emergency (India)|Acts of the Parliament of India 1971|Human rights in India|Internal security issues of India|Repealed Indian legislation|Indira Gandhi administration|1977 disestablishments in India |
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