“Abdoulaye Wade”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Abdoulaye Wade (born 29 May 1926)^[2]^[3]^[4] is a Senegalese politician who was President of Senegal from 2000 to 2012. He is also the Secretary-General of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), having led the party since it was founded in 1974.^[5]^[6] A long-time opposition leader, he ran for President four times, beginning in 1978, before he was elected in 2000.^[5] He won re-election in 2007 with a majority in the first round, but in 2012 he was defeated in a controversial bid for a third term.

Early life

Wade was born in Kébémer, Senegal; officially, he was born in 1926,^[3] although some claim he was born several years earlier, and the record-keeping of the time is not considered particularly reliable.^[7] He studied and taught law at the lycée Condorcet in France. He holds two doctorates in law and economics. He was also dean of the law and economics faculty at the University of Dakar in Senegal.^[5]

Political career

At a summit of the Organization of African Unity in Mogadishu in 1974, Wade told President Léopold Sédar Senghor that he wanted to start a new party, and Senghor agreed to this. The PDS was founded on 31 July 1974.^[8]^[9] The party—initially intended as a Labour party—adopted liberalism in 1976 due to the introduction of a law permitting the existence of only three parties with three distinct ideologies, two of which were taken by other parties (liberalism was therefore the only remaining option).^[9] Wade first ran for President in February 1978 against Senghor, taking 17.38% of the vote.^[10] Senghor gave Wade the nickname "Diombor" (Wolof for hare).^[11]^[12] Also in 1978, Wade was elected to the National Assembly, where he served until 1980.^[6] Wade attracted international attention in the wake of Senghor's announcement in late 1980 that he would resign; as the Secretary General of the PDS, he issued a statement denouncing the process and calling instead for the army to oversee a new set of elections.^[13] Subsequently he ran in the presidential elections of 1983 and 1988, taking second place each time, behind Senghor's successor Abdou Diouf.^[10] Following the 1988 election, he was arrested due to protests against the results and received a suspended sentence. Subsequently he went to France, but returned in 1990.^[5]

In April 1991, Wade and four other PDS members joined a national unity government together with the ruling Socialist Party (PS); Wade became Minister of State without portfolio.^[14]^[15] In October 1992, he and the other PDS ministers quit the government due to complaints about the manner in which the PS was said to control the government.^[14] In the February 1993 presidential election, Wade again took second place, with 32% of the vote, behind Diouf, who won with 58%.^[10]^[14] Following the May 1993 killing of Constitutional Council Vice-President Babacar Sèye, Wade, along with other PDS leaders, faced police questioning.^[14]^[16] On October 1, Wade, his wife, and two PDS members of the National Assembly (Abdoulaye Faye and Ousmane Ngom), were charged with complicity in the murder, although they were not held in custody or put on trial.^[16] Following riots in February 1994, Wade was arrested along with many others for allegedly threatening state security. The charge of complicity in Sèye's murder was dismissed in May 1994, and Wade and his co-defendants began a hunger strike on June 30. He and his co-defendants were released on July 4, and the remaining charges were dismissed on August 30, 1994.^[17]

Wade rejoined the government as Minister of State in March 1995, but he and the other PDS ministers left again in March 1998.^[15] Although he was elected to the National Assembly in the February 1998 parliamentary election, he announced his resignation from the National Assembly in late July 1998, saying that there were "enough deputies to do the job in my place".^[18]

2000 election and first term

Wade subsequently spent a year in France, returning to Senegal on October 27, 1999.^[19]^[20] In the first round of the 2000 presidential election, held on February 27, he again took second place, receiving 31% of the vote, but for the first time, Diouf did not win a first round majority,^[10] and consequently a second round was held on March 19. Wade won this round with 58.49% of the vote,^[10]^[21] having received the support of candidates from the first round, including third place candidate Moustapha Niasse. Wade became President on April 1, 2000 and appointed Niasse as his Prime Minister shortly afterwards.^[21] Wade initially cohabited with the PS, which held a majority in the legislature until the PDS and its allies (the Sopi Coalition) won a majority in the April 2001 parliamentary election.

A [https://web.archive.org/web/20120726141550/http://www.gouv.sn/spip.php?rubrique17 new constitution] was adopted in 2001, reducing presidential terms to five years following the completion of Wade's seven-year term in 2007.^[22]

2007 election and second term

On October 15, 2006, Wade was nominated as presidential candidate of the PDS for the February 2007 presidential election.^[23] One of Wade's opponents in this election was his former prime minister Idrissa Seck, who was once considered Wade's protégé, but was arrested in 2005.^[24] Final results released on March 11, 2007, showed Wade winning in the first round with 55.9% of the vote, far ahead of his nearest opponents, Seck with about 15% and Socialist Party leader Ousmane Tanor Dieng with about 13.6%. Dieng and another opposition candidate, Abdoulaye Bathily, filed appeals regarding the election, but these were rejected by the Constitutional Council.^[25] Wade was sworn in for his second term on April 3 at the Leopold Sedar Senghor Stadium in Dakar, with many African leaders and about 60,000 spectators in attendance.^[26]^[27]

The main opposition parties did not accept Wade's 2007 victory and disputed his legitimacy as President; they boycotted elections to the National Assembly and the re-established Senate later in the year. Wade conclusively stated in an interview published by Le Soleil on May 19, 2008 that there was no longer any possibility of dialogue with the opposition unless it recognized him as the legitimate President. "Let them do what they want, it doesn't bother me," he said of the opposition, "so long as they respect law and order."^[28]

At the July 2007 African Union summit in Accra, Ghana, Wade supported quick formation of the proposed United States of Africa and said: "If we fail to unite, we will become weak, and if we live isolated in countries that are divided, we face the risk of collapsing in the face of stronger and united economies."^[29]

2012 election for third term

In July 2008, the National Assembly approved a constitutional amendment increasing the length of the presidential term to seven years, as it was prior to the adoption of the 2001 constitution. This extension would not apply to Wade's 2007–2012 term, but Minister of Justice Madické Niang stressed on this occasion that Wade could potentially run for re-election in 2012 if he was still healthy.^[30] Later, on September 17, 2009, Wade confirmed that he planned to run for a third term in 2012 "if God gives me a long life".^[31]

Wade, during a 14 July 2011 speech to supporters, used the Wolof language "Ma waxoon waxeet" ("I said it, I (can) take it back") in explaining his decision to go back on his 2007 pledge not to run for another term.^[32] The phrase subsequently became a popular rallying cry for the anti-Wade opposition.^[33]^[34]^[35]

On January 27, 2012, Abdoulaye Wade was officially approved by the Constitutional Council to run for a highly controversial third term. Following this declaration, enraged mobs engaged in violent protests throughout the city.^[36] After the first round vote, Abdoulaye Wade acknowledged on 27 February 2012 that he had failed to win a majority in the election and would have to face a run-off.^[37] He subsequently lost the second round of voting, held on 25 March 2012, to the opposition candidate Macky Sall; Sall had received the backing of all of the candidates who were defeated in the first round, and he defeated Wade by a wide margin. Sall succeeded Wade as President on 2 April 2012.

Following his defeat in the presidential election, Wade remained at the helm of the PDS, even as a number of the party's key figures abandoned it. He chose not to stand as a candidate for the July 2012 parliamentary election. The PDS won 12 seats in the vote, marking a tremendous decrease in the party's parliamentary representation, but Wade nevertheless said that he viewed the outcome as encouraging. He said that, contrary to expectations from some quarters that the PDS would disappear after losing power, it had emerged from the vote as the largest opposition party and the only one with enough seats to form a parliamentary group.^[38]

In 2015, despite being close to his 90th birthday, Wade brushed aside suggestions that he should retire, arguing that no credible younger men had come along to succeed him as head of the PDS and that his parents both lived and worked to an advanced age.^[39]

In the July 2017 parliamentary election, Wade planned to stand as a candidate at the head of the candidate list of an opposition coalition. Khalifa Sall, another prominent opposition leader, and his supporters decided to run separately due to disagreement about whether Wade or Sall should receive the top spot on the candidate list.^[40]^[41] The divided opposition performed poorly in the election; the coalition backing President Sall won 125 seats, a majority, while Wade's coalition trailed distantly in second place with 19 seats. As the top candidate on his coalition's candidate list, Wade himself won a seat, although he had no intention of actually serving as a Deputy; he announced his resignation on 10 September 2017, before the National Assembly even began meeting. He explained that his purpose in running was merely to support his coalition in the election.^[42]

Praise

Abdoulaye Wade was internationally praised for his handling of the 2012 presidential election. In the aftermath of his defeat, Wade congratulated his opponent on his victory and peacefully stepped down. Wade's quick concession was praised by the African Union, European Union, United Nations and the United States. It was pointed out that the leaders ruling some of Senegal's neighbors (including Guinea, Gambia and Guinea-Bissau) had all previously used the army to maintain their grasp on power.^[43] Because of this, Wade is considered among the rare African leaders who are committed to democracy.^[44]

Criticism

Wade's presidency was marred by allegations of corruption, nepotism and constraints on freedom of the press and other civil liberties.^[45]^[46]

He was also criticized for excessive spending on what have been described as "prestige projects".^[47] This includes commissioning a 160+ foot bronze statue (the African Renaissance Monument), for which Wade claims he is entitled to 35% of all tourist profits it generates because of the intellectual property for conceiving the idea.^[48]

In a parallel controversy, Wade has been criticized by Christian bishops in Senegal for publicly denying the divinity of Jesus Christ, comparing him to the statues found in the African Renaissance Monument, after local imams expressed their opposition to the monument.^[49] He later regretted that his comments had caused religious offense to Christians.^[50]

Wade also received criticism in 2009 for a "goodbye present" he reportedly gave to a departing IMF official after the two had dinner. The present turned out to be a bag of money worth almost US$200,000.^[51]

Widespread speculation and criticism centered on the possibility that Wade was grooming his son Karim to succeed him.^[52]

Personal life

Wade is married to Viviane Wade. Their son, Karim Wade, served as head of the national agency of the Islamic Organization Conference and subsequently was Minister of State for International Cooperation, Urban and Regional Planning, Air Transport, and Infrastructure from 2009 to 2012. Their daughter, Sindjely Wade, worked as a Special Assistant to the President and has participated in many Paris-Dakar rallies.

In March 2012, Wade announced plans to go to Saudi Arabia for a religious pilgrimage.^[44]

Honours

Foreign honours

References

1. ^[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/12/images/20041206-4_bushwadep43859-043-515h.html Laura Bush hosts Viviane Wade] The White House, December 6, 2004. Retrieved March 2, 2007
2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=5VO4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA456&dq=Abdoulaye+Wade+1926&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWoojKzpvUAhXK2SwKHXIXC90Q6AEIPzAG#v=onepage&q=Abdoulaye%20Wade%201926&f=false Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders], page 456.
3. ^¹World Leaders 2003: Senegal: Personal Background, Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved February 28, 2007
4. ^{{cite news|title=Senegal Court Says President Can Run Again|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/world/africa/abdoulaye-wade-president-of-senegal-can-run-again-court-says.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=30 January 2012|first=Adam|last=Nossiter|date=January 27, 2012}}
5. ^¹²³Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders (2003), page 457.
6. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://www.sopionline.com/sg.htm |title=Profile of Wade |publisher=PDS |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008004908/http://www.sopionline.com/sg.htm |archivedate=October 8, 2009 |language=fr |deadurl=no |df= }}
7. ^Naomi Schwarz, "Senegal's President Seeks Re-Election Amid Worsening Problems", VOA News, October 16, 2006. Retrieved June 26, 2007. {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
8. ^Dominique Mataillet, "Senghor reconnaît le parti de Wade" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223133959/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN06086senghedawed0 |date=2008-02-23 }}, Jeuneafrique.com, August 6, 2006 Retrieved July 4, 2007. {{fr icon}}.
9. ^¹Tidiane Dioh, "Sous l'étiquette libérale" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223134707/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN21102souslelarbi0 |date=2008-02-23 }}, Jeuneafrique.com, October 21, 2002. Retrieved July 4, 2007. {{fr icon}}.
10. ^¹²³⁴Elections in Senegal, African Elections Database.
11. ^{{cite news|author=Norimitsu Onishi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E7DA113DF933A25757C0A9649C8B63|title=Senegalese Loner Works to Build Africa, His Way|work=The New York Times|date=April 10, 2002|accessdate=January 13, 2009}}
12. ^[https://www.humanite.fr/2000-02-29_International_-Zoom-Abdoulaye-Wade-l-eternel-opposant "Zoom Abdoulaye Wade, l’éternel opposant"]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, L'Humanité, February 29, 2000. Retrieved January 13, 2009 {{fr icon}} {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
13. ^"Senghor to Resign". The [Monrovia] Redeemer 1980-12-04: 8.
14. ^¹²³Richard Vengroff and Lucy Creevey, "Senegal: The Evolution of a Quasi Democracy", in Political Reform in Francophone Africa (1997), ed. Clark and Gardinier, pages 207–208.
15. ^¹"Rapport des Missions d'Observations des Elections Presidentielles", 2000 election {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022819/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/RAPPORT_DES_MISSIONS_D_OBSERVATIONS_DES_ELECTIONS_PRESIDENTIELLES_27_FEVRIER_2000_-_1ER_TOUR_DU_SCRUTIN_19_MARS_2000_-_2E_TOUR_DU_SCRUTIN.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} {{fr icon}}.
16. ^¹Senegal Human Rights Practices, 1993, U.S. Department of State.
17. ^Senegal Human Rights Practices, 1994, U.S. Department of State. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117081841/http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3ae6aa48c.html |date=January 17, 2015 }}
18. ^"GABON: Ruling party seeks Bongo re-election", IRIN-WA Update 259 of Events in West Africa, 25–27 July 1998. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
19. ^"Senegal: Opposition leader Wade returns to Dakar", AFP (nl.newsbank.com), October 28, 1999. Retrieved January 23, 2008.
20. ^"Senegal: Opposition leader Wade to meet colleagues on election plan", Radio France Internationale (nl.newsbank.com), October 28, 1999. Retrieved January 23, 2008.
21. ^¹"Senegal's Wade names prime minister", Reuters, April 2, 2000. Retrieved February 12, 2007. {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
22. ^"Senegal elections set for 25 February 2007" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203635/http://www.liberal-international.org/newsletter.asp?ia_id=1284 |date=3 March 2016 }}, Liberal International, Issue 35.
23. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.apanews.net/spip.php?page=show_article_eng&id_article=12903 |title=Wade nominated for February 2007 presidential elections |agency=African Press Agency |date=October 16, 2006 |accessdate=February 16, 2007 |archivedate=December 22, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222063957/http://www.apanews.net/spip.php?page=show_article_eng&id_article=12903 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
24. ^"President’s onetime protégé to run for election", IRIN, April 5, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.seneweb.com/news/elections2007/article.php?artid=9107 |title=Le texte intégral de la décision du Conseil constitutionnel |trans-title=Full text of the decisions of the Constitutional Council |agency=Agence de Presse Sénégalaise |website=Seneweb.com |date=March 11, 2007 |accessdate=March 12, 2007 |language=fr |archivedate=May 20, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520234508/http://www.seneweb.com/news/elections2007/article.php?artid=9107 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
26. ^"Senegal's president is inaugurated, as dictators, statesmen look on", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 3, 2007. {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
27. ^"Wade sworn in for second term", AFP (IOL), April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007 {{Subscription}} {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
28. ^"Wade: For me, it's over!", Sapa-AFP (IOL), May 20, 2008. Retrieved August 11, 2008. {{Subscription}} {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
29. ^{{cite news |author=Mamadou Ndiaye |url=http://apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&id_article=36592 |title=Wade criticises gradual approach to set up AU Government |agency=African Press Agency |date=July 3, 2007 |accessdate=July 4, 2007 |archivedate=December 23, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223100821/http://apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&id_article=36592 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
30. ^"Senegal approves presidential term extension", afrol News, July 30, 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
31. ^"Elderly Wade eyes third term", AFP (IOL), September 18, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2009. {{Subscription}} {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sudonline.sn/-ma-waxoon-waxeet---une-glissade-ou-un--style-politique-_a_4159.html |title="Ma waxoon waxeet": une glissade ou un style politique? |publisher=Sud Online |date=February 8, 2011 |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816041438/http://www.sudonline.sn/-ma-waxoon-waxeet---une-glissade-ou-un--style-politique-_a_4159.html |archivedate=August 16, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}
33. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sudonline.sn/moustapha-niasse-et-tanor-dieng-face-a-l-histoire-et-a-leur-peuple-feront-ils-honneur-ou-honte-a-nos-attentes_a_5314.html |title=Moustapha Niasse et Tanor Dieng face à l’histoire et à leur peuple, feront-ils honneur ou honte à nos attentes? |publisher=Sud Online |date=October 25, 2011 |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027230026/http://www.sudonline.sn/moustapha-niasse-et-tanor-dieng-face-a-l-histoire-et-a-leur-peuple-feront-ils-honneur-ou-honte-a-nos-attentes_a_5314.html |archivedate=October 27, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}
34. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.seneweb.com/news/Societe/laquo-ma-waxoon-waxeet-raquo-l-rsquo-expression-qui-fait-tendance-a-dakar_n_48274.html|title="Ma Waxoon, Waxeet", l’expression qui fait tendance à Dakar|website=Seneweb.com|date=July 18, 2011|accessdate=October 30, 2011}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/405964.html|title=Mouvement "Y en a marre" au Sénégal: Tiken Jah les a inspires|work=L'expression (Abidjan)|date=July 28, 2011|accessdate=October 31, 2011}}
36. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/le-conseil-constitutionnel-accepte-la-candidature-de-me-wade_n_58310.html|title=Le Conseil constitutionnel accepte la candidature de Me Wade|trans-title=The Constitutional Council accepted Wade's candidacy|website=Seneweb.com|agency=APS|date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=January 28, 2012}}
37. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/27/world/africa/senegal-elections/|title=Senegal's president says he'll face run-off|agency=CNN|date=February 27, 2012|accessdate=March 2, 2012}}
38. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aps.sn/articles.php?id_article=99269 |title=Le PDS sort "grandi" des élections législatives, dit Abdoulaye Wade |agency=Agence de Presse Sénégalaise |date=July 5, 2012 |accessdate=July 15, 2012 |language=fr |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620000744/http://www.aps.sn/articles.php?id_article=99269 |archivedate=June 20, 2013 |df= }}
39. ^Aislinn Laing, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/senegal/11668191/Senegals-former-president-defends-aged-leaders-My-father-worked-until-105.html "Senegal's former president defends aged leaders: 'My father worked until 105'"], The Telegraph, 11 June 2015.
40. ^"Sénégal : l’ancien président Wade candidat aux législatives", Le Monde, 30 May 2017 {{fr icon}}.
41. ^Benjamin Roger, "Législatives sénégalaises : la coalition de l’opposition implose, Abdoulaye Wade sur le retour", Jeune Afrique, 30 May 2017 {{fr icon}}.
42. ^"Sénégal : Abdoulaye Wade démissionne de son poste de député à l’Assemblée Nationale", Jeune Afrique, 11 September 2017 {{fr icon}}.
43. ^{{cite news|title=Analysis: In Senegal, a weighty phone call|author=Rukmini Callimachi|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ichh1PPniiDlU78kqYKg5viX3hjA?docId=e2eae8a7b2ad4d98bdc866018ba10f7d|publisher=Google News|agency=Associated Press |accessdate=April 1, 2012}} {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
44. ^¹{{cite news|title=Senegal opposition candidate wins presidential vote in landslide|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/senegal-opposition-candidate-wins-presidential-vote-in-landslide/article2382791/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=March 27, 2012|location=Toronto|first=Krista|last=Larson|accessdate=April 1, 2012}} {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
45. ^"Analysts ponder Senegalese President's Legacy", Voice of America, March 2, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2008. {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
46. ^Daniel Flynn,[https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1387942620071213, "Reggae star Fakoly tells Senegal's Wade 'leave power'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223221/http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1387942620071213, |date=2016-03-03 }}, Reuters, December 13, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
47. ^"Senegal sacks minister for overspending", Reuters (IOL), August 9, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2008. {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}
48. ^"Senegal: President builds $27 million statue, claims tourism profits over 'intellectual rights.'" Retrieved October 7, 2009
49. ^Sénégal : Me Abdoulaye Wade attaque les statues, l’Eglise catholique irritée {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301055152/http://www.afriscoop.net/journal/spip.php?article947 |date=March 1, 2012 }}
50. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8435805.stm|title=Senegal President Wade apologises for Christ comments|publisher=BBC News|date=December 31, 2009|accessdate=December 31, 2009}}
51. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8327732.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Senegal admits IMF 'money gift'|date=October 27, 2009|accessdate=October 30, 2009}}
52. ^Hamadou Tidiane Sy, "Wade admits succession plan with son likely choice", Daily Nation (Kenya), August 6, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
53. ^Nomination by OpenDocument Sovereign Ordonnance n°2.457 of 9th November 2009 (French)