| 词条 | Malagarasi River |
| 释义 |
| name = Malagarasi River | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Malagarasi OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|5|15|23|S|29|48|6|E|region:TZ|display=inline,title}} | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Burundi, Tanzania | location = | length = {{convert|475|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = {{convert|130,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | river_system = Congo River | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} The Malagarasi River is a river in western Tanzania, flowing through Kigoma Region, although one of its tributaries comes from southeastern Burundi. It is the second-longest river in Tanzania behind the Rufiji—Great Ruaha, and has the largest watershed of any river flowing into Lake Tanganyika.[1] The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands are a designated a Ramsar site. Local tribes have nicknamed the Malagarasi as "the river of bad spirits". GeographyThe Malagarasi is the second longest river in Tanzania , at {{convert|475|km}},[1][2] and with a basin area of 130,000 square kilometres (50,000 sq mi), the Malagarasi has the largest watershed of all of the rivers flowing into Lake Tanganyika.[1] The source of the river is near the Tanzania- Burundi border.[3] The first {{convert|80|km}} of the river form the international boundary between Tanzania and Burundi. Several tributaries from the Burundi highlands join its right bank. After the confluence with the Lumpungu River, the Malagarasi enters Tanzania, makes a circle and empties into the eastern side of Lake Tanganyika about {{convert|25|miles}} south of Kigoma, near Ilagala.[4] It is one of the lake's primary inflows. Moyowosi River is the principal tributary, along with its affluent the Nikongo River;[5] other tributaries include Ugalla River, Gombe River, Ruchugi River, Lumpungu River,[6] and Nguya River. At a length of {{convert|475|km}}, it is the second longest river in Tanzania, and with a basin area of {{convert|130000|km2}}, the Malagasi has the largest watershed of all of the rivers flowing into Lake Tanganyika.[3] Characterized as a low stream river,[7] its drainage includes four biotopes: swampy areas, river channels, a flowing river with a few moderate rapids, and a large double-branched delta.[8] The flow of the river ranges dramatically between the annual cycle of wet and dry seasons, and at times may be susceptible to flooding or reduced to a small stream; flow is also affected by local agriculture and deforestation which increase the level of sediments within the river.[3] At Mberagule, the flow of the river has been gauged to be 6.9 cubic kilometers.[3] About {{convert|80|km}} from the mouth, the river flows through the Moyowosi swamplands, an area of "extensive swamps and floodplains" and a "marshy labyrinth".[9][10] It passes through the Dodoma Belt, a geological area of Archaean and Proterozoic age Precambrian crystalline rocks.[3] HistoryAccording to Rosemary Lowe-McConnell, "the Malagarasi and the Rungwa River are assumed to be relict headwaters of the extended pre-rift Zaire system".[11] The Malagarasi pre-dates Lake Tanganyika and was in pre-rift times a tributary of the Congo River to its west. Lake Tanganyika has since said to have "undergone both transgression and regression, depositing new sediments, altering the delta, and changing the course of the river".[3] Over its history, the lake level has altered dramatically between 100 and 200 metres; historical accounts from the late nineteenth century indicate that it was about {{convert|10|m}} higher than it is today.[3] CultureLocal tribes have nicknamed the Malagarasi as "the river of bad spirits".[12] In the late 19th century, the Wavinza people, who ran the river's ferry service from the left bank, avoided assimilation with the Wanyamwezi people because of the natural barrier formed by the Malagarasi.[13] Also on the other bank were the Wangoni (Watutu Zulus).[14] Henry Morton Stanley, who considered missionaries important to Africa's "civilizing process", stated that missionaries could follow the Malagarasi and participate in "conversion-tours to Uvinza, Uha, and Ugala".[15] Flora and faunaThe flora includes Albizzia gummifera, Bridelia micrantha, Cyperus papyrus, Diospyros mespiliformis, Ficus sycomorus, Ficus verruculosa, Isoberlinia spp., Khaya senegalensis, Parkia filicoidea, Phoenix reclinata, Syzgium cordatum, and Syzgium owariense.[5] Mesobola spinifer, also known as "Malagarasi Sardine", is endemic to the river.[16] In the valley grasslands there are prominent species such as Hyparrhenia, Themeda, Echinochloa.[17] The Malagarasi contains several fish species which occur in the Congo River Basin but not in Lake Tanganyika.[5] Giant freshwater Mbu pufferfish, however, occur in both the Central and Upper Zaire Basin and the Malagarasi River.[18] Waterbuck and hippopotamus are common in the swamps.[17] Concerns have been raised over hippo poaching in the river basin by the Wanyahosa people, who prefer the meat over fish.[19] Environmental protectionThe Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands became a designated a Ramsar site on April 13, 2000.[20] It is the country's first Ramsar Site. Measuring {{convert|35000|km2}}, it is the world's third largest Ramsar Site, and contains more than 50 indigenous fish species, such as the Dark stonebasher, being a rare fish species example.[32] The Wetlands are an important part of the Malagarasi River basin, itself constituting about one third of the Lake Tanganyika catchment area.[21] References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Kisangani|first1=Emizet F.|last2=Bobb|first2=F. Scott|title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA299|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2|page=299}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Elf-Aquitaine (Company)|title=Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production Elf-Aquitaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3QcAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=Société nationale Elf-Aquitaine (Production)}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite web|url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf|title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika|authors=Shick, Kate and Flaccus, Kathy|publisher=Geology Department of the University of Arizona|accessdate=30 May 2012}} 4. ^{{cite map|title= Maps|publisher=Google Maps}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA244|accessdate=28 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=244–}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Brownlie|first1=Ian|last2=Burns|first2=Ian R.|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Du4k0udx4C&pg=PA748|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1979|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-0-903983-87-7|page=748}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Klerkx|first1=J.|last2=Imanackunov|first2=Beishen|title=Lake Issyk-Kul: Its Natural Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TT9q-vcN8IC&pg=PA231|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0900-6|pages=231–}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Thieme|first=Michele L.|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA197|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-365-9|pages=197–}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Kamukala|first1=G. L.|last2=Crafter|first2=S. A.|title=Wetlands of Tanzania: Proceedings of a Seminar on the Wetlands of Tanzania, Morogoro, Tanzania, 27-29 November, 1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbLsJa81gpgC&pg=PA34|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1993|publisher=IUCN Wetlands Programme|isbn=978-2-8317-0185-1|page=34}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Lambrecht|first=Frank L.|title=In the Shade of an Acacia Tree: Memoirs of a Health Officer in Africa, 1945-1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TWftBeiEFEC&pg=PA217|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-194-1|page=217}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Lévêque|first=C.|title=Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&pg=PA107|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=13 May 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57033-6|pages=107–}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Richard|title=Crazy River: Exploration and Folly in East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivN5wQTCNt4C&pg=PA339|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=25 October 2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-5414-4|pages=339–}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8|accessdate=4 June 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1883|publisher=Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=8–}} 14. ^{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Paths Without Glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtCt8aECfu0C&pg=PA105|accessdate=4 June 2012|year=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-287-1|pages=105–}} 15. ^{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qKyxaJMVF0C&pg=PA81|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=1 November 2004|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-57488-597-2|pages=81–}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11597|title=Mesobola spinifer (Bailey & Matthes, 1971) Malagarasi sardine |last=Seegers|first=L. |date=November 15, 2011|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=29 May 2012}} 17. ^1 {{cite book|author=Tanzania Society|title=Tanzania notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDVzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1980|publisher=Tanzania Society|pages=96–100}} 18. ^{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Bryan Robert|title=The Ecology of River Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA218|accessdate=30 May 2012|date=31 July 1986|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-6193-540-7|page=218}} 19. ^{{cite book|author=Tanganyika Society|title=Tanganyika notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QutBAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1963|publisher=Tanganyika Society|page=210}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html|title=TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Ramsar Site 1024;(WI Site 1TZ001)|publisher=Wetlands International |accessdate=2 June 2012}} 21. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qr7qByMsiXQJ:www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_malagarasi_statusreport.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShv4AVoNWD24D-q21LMoToWI-GT-CNDr7AHmIPXrq5cvokJ3uwXF7fkhKyyhNcViDa_GqIg_ZWcvAijo-yD3l2Chg9UmY5mC95Fk3kTVmMRa1RAktPz7H95FsXryJDK3xBquJwh&sig=AHIEtbQnxPur0go__exKQF2GIS2F7he4nA|title=The Project for Sustainable and Integrated Management of the Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site (SIMMORS)|date=March 2007|publisher=Ramsar|accessdate=2 June 2012}} External links
7 : Rivers of Tanzania|Rivers of Burundi|Burundi–Tanzania border|International rivers of Africa|Lake Tanganyika|Geography of Kigoma Region|Ramsar sites in Tanzania |
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