| 词条 | Maldhari |
| 释义 |
The literal meaning of Maldhari is keeper (dhari) of the animal stock (mal).[1] They are notable as the traditional dairymen of the region, and once supplied milk and cheese to the palaces of rajas.[4] CultureMaldharis are descendants of nomads who periodically came from Pakistan, Rajasthan and other parts of Gujarat, and finally settled in the Banni grasslands.[2] Their major communities include Sindhi Sunni Muslims and Vadhas.[2] The Maldhari have been living in the Banni grasslands for nearly 700 years.[3] These semi-nomadic herders spend eight months of the year criss-crossing sparse pasturelands with their livestock including sheep, goats, cows, buffalo, and camels in a continual quest for fodder. During the monsoon season, the Maldhari generally return to their home villages as more new grass grows closer to home during the rains. For villages in some areas, weddings are traditionally held just one day each year, on the date of the lord Krishna’s birthday Krishna Janmashtami, which falls in the midst of the monsoon. Some girls in some regions are kept from going to school and expected to spend the early years of their life stitching elaborate garments for their wedding day, or, if they’ve been married off as children, as many are, for the ceremony performed when each moves in with her husband, normally when she is in her early twenties.[4] CommunitiesIn different regions, the Maldharis belong to different castes. The Gir Forest National Park is home to around 8,400 Maldharis as of 2007.[5] The majority of the Maldharis in Gir belong to Charan, Bharwad and Rabari castes. Minority castes include Koli, Kathi, Bawa, Meghwal and Makranis. The Maldharis of Gir, Alech and Barda have included among the Scheduled Tribes since 1956, although these castes are not classified as Scheduled Tribes outside the forest areas.[6] LifestyleThe pastoral Maldhari community live a simple life. They live in small mud houses deep in the forests, with no electricity, running water, schools or access to healthcare. They earn a living by producing milk from their cattle. They have developed a local breed of buffalo that is well known in India for its high productivity and strong resilience to the harsh conditions of the Banni.[3] The Banni Buffalo was recognized as the 11th breed of buffalo in the country in 2010, the first one to be registered post independence. The breed registration process was carried out through the Maldharis themselves. They grow vegetables and collect wild honey. Their main sources of cash income are sale of high quality ghee, milk, wool, animals and handicrafts.[2] They trade their produce in the local market for essential items like food grains. Most are unable to count or use money and are illiterate.[5] JewelryTheir jewelry and clothing portray the Maldharis' sense of identity and tradition. It symbolizes their beliefs and ideals. Men wear gold hoops and buttons in their ears. On their milking hands, many wear silver rings embossed with the Siva lingam. The milk that dribbles over the ring is an offering to the god, replacing the need to make oblations at a temple. Maldhari women's ears are folded and stretched with a large amount of hanging silver. Their wrists are sheathed in heavy, hourglass-shaped bracelets, carved from elephant tusks. However, many wear plastic replicas for everyday use. They keep the more precious ivory originals stored in cans filled with vegetable oil. The oil keeps them from cracking and makes them easier to slip on. Such ornamentation disguises the poverty in which they live. It is worn as a status symbol to impart an impression of wealth upon which their family honor depends.[4] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book |author=Sudipta Mitra |title=Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC&pg=PA65 |year=2005 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-183-2 |pages=65-69 }} 2. ^1 2 P{{citation|url=http://www.narmada.org/ALTERNATIVES/banni/alt-banni.html|title=Banni Grasslands; Kutch Dist., Gujarat|work= Alternatives to the Narmada Valley Project|publisher=Friends of River Narmada|accessdate=2012-02-23}} 3. ^1 {{citation|url=http://natural-justice.blogspot.com/2010/06/shepherding-in-new-era-of-livestock.html|title=Shepherding in a New Era of Livestock Keepers' Rights in India|work='Natural Justice|publisher=|date=2010-06-20|accessdate=2012-02-23}} 4. ^1 2 {{citation|url=http://handeyemagazine.com/node/70|title= The Maldhari of Gujarat|author= Michael Benanav|work=Handeye|publisher=|date=2009-06-04|accessdate=2012-02-23}} 5. ^1 {{citation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/01/02/us-india-forests-idUSDEL25463820070102 |title= Rights gained by the Maldhari tribe over the Gir forest |author=Rupam Jain Nair |publisher=Reuters |date=2007-01-21 |accessdate=2012-02-23 }} 6. ^1 {{cite book |author=Sukant K. Chaudhury |title=Readings in Indian Sociology |volume=VII: Sociology of Environment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1YlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT155 |year=2013 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-81-321-1841-1 |page=155 }} External links
4 : Maldhari communities|Indigenous peoples of South Asia|Social groups of India|Modern nomads |
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