“Mallorquín”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Mallorquín or Caballo Mallorquín ({{lang-ca|Cavall Mallorquí}}) is a rare breed of horse indigenous to the island of Majorca in the Balearic Islands, from which it takes its name. Identification of the breed was begun in 1985 by the Patronato para las Razas Autóctonas de Mallorca ("authority for the autochthonous breeds of Mallorca"). The Mallorquín is listed in the Catálogo Oficial de Razas de Ganado de España in the group of autochthonous breeds in danger of extinction.^[1] Its status was listed in 2007 as critical by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.^[2] In approximately 2005 the number of Mallorquín horses recorded in the stud-book was 247, but a census conducted by the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino in 2003 identified only 172.

In some English-language publications, the Mallorquín and Menorquín are not listed, but horses of the Balearic Islands are merged into a grouping called the "Balearic horse" or "Balearic pony."^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] However, authoritative sources, including the Government of the Balearic Islands,^[8] the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino of Spain^[9] and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,^[10] make it clear that they are two separate breeds.

Characteristics

The Mallorquín may only be black, in all its variations; horses of any other colour can not be registered. Limited white facial markings are permitted, white leg markings are not. The minimum permissible height {{convert|1.52|m|hand|1|abbr=in}} for males and {{convert|1.48|m|hand|1|abbr=in}} for females.^[11] It has an upright mane, short, thick, but arched neck, a head with a convex profile but refined bone structure.

History

The origins of the breed are obscure. According to a genetic study of "Spanish Celtic horse breeds", the Mallorquín and Menorquín are connected to the now extinct Catalan horse,^[12] itself the result of introgression of populations with strong African genetic influence into an original population of Celtic horses introduced to the Iberian peninsula by the Celts in about the 8th century BC. The study showed clear grouping of the two Mediterranean breeds and clear separation from the five "Atlantic" Celtic breeds examined, the Asturcón, Gallego, Jaca Navarra, Losino and Pottok.^[14]

Uses

This breed is used by the local population only as a riding horse; farm work in the islands was traditionally done by the Balearic donkey.^[15] Mallorquín mares were traditionally bred to imported stallions, usually of French Trotter or Orlov Trotter breed, to produce Trotador Español, "Spanish Trotter", horses. Approximately 85% of the Spanish Trotter population is in Mallorca; however, genetic study has found little recent influence of the Mallorquín on the Spanish Trotter breed.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Ganaderia: Clasificación de Razas |url=http://www.mapa.es/app/Zootecnia/Fichas.aspx?pag=EquinaMallorquin |publisher=Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. (in Spanish) |accessdate=Apr 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116095447/http://www.mapa.es/app/Zootecnia/Fichas.aspx?pag=EquinaMallorquin |archivedate=January 16, 2011 }}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Critical Breeds List 2007|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/a1250f/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20at%20risk/critical_%202007.pdf|publisher=FAO|accessdate=Apr 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctEAAAAIAAJ&q=%22balearic+horse%22&dq=%22balearic+horse%22&hl=en&ei=Xl_BTtz8GM6IhQfm082aDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=%22balearic%22&f=false Lydekker, Richard. The horse and its relatives - Page 137-138]
4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=kzM_To2eC5wC&pg=PT61&dq=balearic+%2Bhorse&hl=en&ei=_OPCTr6iC-iJiALr5qiRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=balearic%20%2Bhorse&f=false Bauer, Mary Ellen. Which Horse of Course p. 61]
5. ^[https://books.google.com/books?ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA&ct=result&id=an8uNRhI3j4C&dq=balearic+horse&q=balearic+horse#search_anchor Sliver, Caroline. Guide to the Horses of the World, Chartwell Books, 1991] and [https://books.google.com/books?ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA&ct=result&id=g3vYtUsCV74C&dq=balearic+horse&q=balearic#search_anchor Illustrated Guide to Horses of the World, Longmeadow Press, 1993] appear to be the same book, p. 102
6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=CdJg3qXssWYC&pg=PA60&dq=balearic+horse&hl=en&ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=balearic%20horse&f=false Nendricks, Bonnie L and Anthony A. Dent. International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, p. 60]
7. ^¹{{cite journal |vauthors=Cañon J, Checa ML, Carleos C, Vega-Pla JL, Vallejo M, Dunner S |title=The genetic structure of Spanish Celtic horse breeds inferred from microsatellite data |journal=Anim. Genet. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10690360 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0268-9146&date=2000&volume=31&issue=1&spage=39 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105055700/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0268-9146&date=2000&volume=31&issue=1&spage=39 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-01-05 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00591.x}}
8. ^¹{{cite web|title=Farm Animal Genetic Resources|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/x8750e/x8750e02.pdf|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=Apr 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
9. ^¹{{cite web|title=Razas Autóctonas de las Illes Balears|url=http://www.caib.es/sacmicrofront/contenido.do?idsite=173&cont=4166&&lang=es|publisher=Govern de las Illes Balears|language=Spanish|accessdate=July 2011|quote= Autochthonous breeds of the Balearic Islands}}
10. ^¹{{cite web|title=Raza Autóctona en Peligro de Extinción|url=http://aplicaciones.mapa.es/arca-webapp/flujos.html?_flowId=catalogoRazas-flow&_flowExecutionKey=e2s1#1002|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110811144839/http://aplicaciones.mapa.es/arca-webapp/flujos.html?_flowId=catalogoRazas-flow&_flowExecutionKey=e2s1%231002|dead-url=yes|publisher=Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino|language=Spanish|accessdate=July 2011|quote=Autochthonous breed in danger of extinction}}
11. ^¹Martinez J.M., M. Valera & A. Molina (1996) 'El caballo Losino' Animal Genetic Resources Information 19, 17–27. Cited by Cañon, not consulted.
12. ^¹{{cite web|title=Orden del Consejero de Agricultura y Pesca de, 12 de junio de 2003, por la que se establecen las normas zootecnicas del caballo de Pura Raza Mallorquina |url=http://aplicaciones.mapa.es/arca-webapp/descarga/fichero.html?nombre=Mallorquin_%20orden%2012%20junio%202003.pdf |publisher=Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino |accessdate=July 2011 |quote=Order of the Counsellor for Agriculture and Fisheries, 12 June 2003, for the establishment of breeding standards for the horse of pure Mallorqín breed |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322102055/http://aplicaciones.mapa.es/arca-webapp/descarga/fichero.html?nombre=Mallorquin_%20orden%2012%20junio%202003.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-22 |df= }}
13. ^¹{{cite web|title=Traditions and fiestas|url=http://www.emenorca.org/home_en.jsp?file=7&idi=en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20030502012908/http://www.emenorca.org/home_en.jsp?file=7&idi=en|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2003-05-02|accessdate=July 2011}}