| 词条 | Mangrove robin |
| 释义 |
| name = Mangrove robin | image = Peneoenanthe pulverulenta - Cairns Esplanade.jpg | image_caption=In Cairns, Queensland, Australia | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Peneoenanthe | parent_authority = Mathews, 1920 | species = pulverulenta | authority = Bonaparte, 1850 | synonyms =
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision =
}} The mangrove robin (Peneoenanthe pulverulenta) is a species of bird in the family Petroicidae. It is found in the Aru Islands, New Guinea and northern Australia. The bird's common name refers to its natural habitat. They live in mangrove forests and seldom fly outside these biomes. TaxonomyThe mangrove robin belongs to the order Passeriformes and the family Petroicidae. The species consists of four recognized subspecies.[2] The subspecies pulverulenta was described by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1850 and is found in New Guinea. Subspecies leucura was described by John Gould in 1869, subspecies alligator was described by Gregory Mathews in 1912, and subspecies cinereiceps was described by Ernst Hartert in 1905 – all three of these subspecies are found in Northern Australia.[2] DescriptionThe mangrove robin has an average weight of {{convert|21.3|g}} for males and {{convert|17.3|g}} for females.[3] Their wingspan differs between subspecies – the leucura subspecies have spans of {{convert|86|mm}} to {{convert|90|mm}} for males and {{convert|77|mm}} to {{convert|84|mm}} for females, while the alligator subspecies have spans of {{convert|82|mm}} to {{convert|87|mm}} for males and {{convert|76|mm}} to {{convert|80|mm}} for females. For cinereiceps, male birds have wingspans of {{convert|80|mm}} to {{convert|84|mm}} long; on the other hand, female wingspans are {{convert|76|mm}} to {{convert|78|mm}} long.[4] They feature a "dull pale bar" at the bottom of their remiges, although this is not very noticeable.[4] In order to facilitate their navigation through thick mangrove forests, mangrove robins have developed wings and tails that are rounded.[5] Distribution and habitatThe bird is found in the Northern Australia region and the island of New Guinea,[6] within the countries of Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Their preferred habitat are tropical and subtropical mangrove forests located above the level of high tide.[1] They seldom travel outside their habitat.[7] The mangrove robin has been placed on the least Concern category of the IUCN Red List, as the population has remained stable throughout the last ten years.[1] The size of its distribution range is over {{convert|426000|km2}}.[6] BehaviourThe call of the mangrove robin has been described as a "down-slurred whistle". It eats insects in the mud when the tide falls.[8] While these may be its primary prey, the mangrove robin also consumes a significant amount of crab in its diet.[7] References{{Commons category|Peneoenanthe pulverulenta}}1. ^1 2 {{IUCN|id=22704863 |title=Eopsaltria pulverulenta |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} {{refbegin}}2. ^1 {{cite web|title=Mangrove Robin (Peneoenanthe pulverulenta)|url=http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/mangrove-robin-peneoenanthe-pulverulenta|year=2003|work=Handbook of the Birds of the World|publisher=Internet Bird Collection|accessdate=January 11, 2014}} 3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcnOTPILlcEC&pg=PA411&dq=Mangrove+Robin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OI3QUqTZLsjkiAefo4DoCQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Mangrove%20Robin&f=false|title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses|edition=Second|publisher=CRC Press|date=December 5, 2007|last=Dunning|first=John B. Jr.|pages=411|accessdate=January 11, 2014}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXbJoaGF36YC&pg=PT469&dq=mangrove+robin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EOPJUsetLYTYigfp3YDADA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=mangrove%20robin&f=false|title=Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|date=October 1, 1999|last1=Schodde|first1=Richard|last2=Mason|first2=Ian J.|pages=469–471|accessdate=January 11, 2014}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5lvDVzGLycC&pg=PA317&dq=Mangrove+Robin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OI3QUqTZLsjkiAefo4DoCQ&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Mangrove%20Robin&f=false|title=Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=June 10, 1999|editor-last=Hunter|editor-first=Malcolm L.|accessdate=January 11, 2014}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|title=Mangrove Robin (Eopsaltria pulverulenta)|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=5491|year=2013|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=January 11, 2014}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NE1kAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106&dq=mangrove+robin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t9jJUvuKL4abiQfb4oHIDA&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=mangrove%20robin&f=false|title=Invasion Biology and Ecological Theory: Insights from a Continent in Transformation|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=January 31, 2014|editor1-last=Prins|editor1-first=Herbert H. T.|editor2-last=Gordon|editor2-first=Iain J.|pages=106|accessdate=January 11, 2014}} 8. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zay4a9AoN3IC&pg=PA90&dq=Mangrove+Robin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OI3QUqTZLsjkiAefo4DoCQ&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Mangrove%20Robin&f=false|title=The Complete Guide to Finding the Birds of Australia|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2011|last1=Thomas|first1=Sarah|last2=Andrew|first2=David|pages=90|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}
9 : Petroicidae|Robins|Birds of the Aru Islands|Birds of New Guinea|Birds of Western Australia|Birds of the Northern Territory|Birds of Queensland|Birds described in 1850|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
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