| 词条 | Mangshi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Mangshi | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh|芒市}}}}}} | translit_lang1 = Other | translit_lang1_type2 = Pinyin | translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|zh-Latn|Mángshì}} | translit_lang1_type3 = Tai Nuea | translit_lang1_info3 = {{TaiLe|ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ}} | translit_lang1_type4 = Jingpho | translit_lang1_info4 = Mangshi Myu | translit_lang1_type5 = Burmese | translit_lang1_info5 = {{lang|my|မန်စီ}} | translit_lang1_type6 = Thai | translit_lang1_info6 = {{lang|th|เมืองข้อน}} | settlement_type = County-level city | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = 芒市天际线02.jpg | photo1b = 芒市广场-中缅友谊馆.jpg | photo2a = 勐焕大金塔01.jpg | photo2b = 芒市勐焕路01.jpg | photo3a = 芒市宾馆02.jpg | photo3b = 芒市财富中心01.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = white | border = 1 }} | image_caption = From top, left to right: Skyline of Mangshi, Mangshi Square with China-Myanmar Friendship Memorial Hall, Menghuan Pagoda, Menghuan Road upper, Mangshi Hotel, Mangshi fortune center plaza | etymology = Evolved form the ethnic name {{lang|zh|{{linktext|茫|施}}}} (Mangshi) | nickname = city of dawn | image_map = 芒市位置图.jpg | map_alt = 150px | map_caption = Territory of Mangshi (red) in Yunnan Province |pushpin_map = Yunnan |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Yunnan |pushpin_mapsize = 250 |coordinates = {{coord|24|27|N|98|36|E|type:adm3rd_region:CN-53|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = People's Republic of China | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Yunnan | subdivision_type2 = Prefecture | subdivision_name2 = Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1996 | seat_type = Seat | seat = Menghuan Subdistrict | leader_party = CPC | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Mao Xiao ({{lang|zh-hans|毛晓}}) | leader_title1 = Secretary of CPC City Committee | leader_name1 = Zhao Dongmei ({{lang|zh-hans|赵冬梅}}) | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = [1]{{rp|536}} | area_total_km2 = 2,900.91 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | elevation_m = 933 | population_as_of = 2016 | population_footnotes = [2] | population_total = 410,426 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = UTC+8 | utc_offset1 = | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 678400 | area_code_type = Phone code | area_code = (0)692 | iso_code = | website = {{URL|www.dhms.gov.cn}} | footnotes = }} Mangshi City ({{zh|c=芒市}}; Tai Nuea: ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ; Jingpho: Mangshi Myu), formerly named Luxi City ({{zh|labels=no |c=潞西市}}),[3] in some literatures is written as Mangshih,[4] is a county-level city of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, in the west of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. It is the prefectural seat. Mangshi has an area of {{convert|2900.91|km2|abbr=on}}, with an urban area of {{convert|18.66|km2|abbr=on}}.[2] Han Chinese, Dai people Tai Nuea branch and Jingpo people Zaiwa branch are the major ethnic group. In the history, Mangshi was divided into 3 tusi territory. Luxi County was founded in 1949, and finally upgraded to a county-level city in 1996. EtymologyThe city name "Mangshi" first appeared in 1443, when the tusi of Mangshi Yuyi Zhangguan Si ({{lang|zh-hans|芒市御夷长官司}}) established. In the history, there was an ethnic named Mangshi ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|茫|施}}}}) lived in this area. The name of "{{lang|zh|{{linktext|芒|市}}}}" was evolved from "{{lang|zh|茫施}}" (the pinyin are same). Luxi ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|潞|西}}}}) is the former name of Mangshi, which means "west of Lu [Salween] River".[5]{{rp|460}} In Tai Nuea language, the city name is Mengkhuan ({{TaiLe|ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ}}), written in Chinese is "{{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|勐|焕}}}}", which means "city of dawn".[5]{{rp|460}} In 2008, {{formatnum:4751}} people participated in a public opinion survey in favour of restoring the historical name (Mangshi), with 96.96% supporting a name change to Mangshi.[3] In 2010, the name of the county-level city was formally changed. "Mangshi" is the proper noun of the city, the character "{{lang|zh|{{linktext|市}}}}" ({{lang|zh-Latn|shì}}) also is the administrative division name.[6] The full name in Chinese language is "{{lang|zh|芒市}}" (Mangshi), but the official English translation in the Yearbook of Dehong is "Mangshi City".[7] HistoryMangshi Lu ({{lang|zh|茫施路}}) is the first administrative division of Mangshi which established by Yuan dynasty in 1276, Mangshi Lu belonged to Jinchi Xuanfu Si ({{lang|zh-hans|金齿等处宣抚司}}), Yunnan Province. In 1277, the war of first Mongol invasion of Burma was spread in this area. Ming dynasty repeal Mangshi Lu and set Mangshi Fu ({{lang|zh|茫施府}}) in 1382. Because Mangshi chief Dao Fangge ({{lang|zh|刀放革}}) helped the Ming dynasty army in the Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns, Ming dynasty canonized him to be the Mangshi Tusi, and set the agency Mangshi Yuyi Zhangguan Si ({{lang|zh-hans|芒市御夷长官司}}) in 1443. In 1584, Ming dynasty set another tusi, Zhefang Vice Xuanfu Si ({{lang|zh-hans|遮放副宣抚司}}) in Zhefang area, which separated from Longchuan Xuanfu Si ({{lang|zh-hans|陇川宣抚司}}). In 1640, Mangshi Yuyi Zhangguan Si upgraded to Mangshi Anfu Si ({{lang|zh-hans|芒市安抚司}}). In 1899, Qing dynasty set the 3rd tusi of Mengban Tuqianzong ({{lang|zh-hans|勐板土千总}}) in modern Mangshi Area.[8]{{rp|9,20–21}} In Republic of China period, the central government set two "suppression committees" ({{lang|zh-hant|彈壓委員}}) in Mangshi area named "Mangban" ({{lang|zh|芒板}}) and "Zhemao" ({{lang|zh|遮卯}}) in 1913. Mangban Suppress Committee dominated Mangshi Anfu Si and Mengban Tuqianzong territory, and Zhemao Suppression Committee dominated Zhefang Vice Xuanfu Si and Mengmao Anfu Si ({{lang|zh-hant|勐卯安撫司}}, in Ruili) territory. The two suppression committees compounded to an administrative committee ({{lang|zh-hant|行政委員}}) in 1915 and set a district named Mangzheban District ({{lang|zh-hant|芒遮板行政區}}), at same time Mengmao Anfu Si separated away from the district. It formed the territory of modern Mangshi. As a transition to formally establishing a county, Yunnan government set an "Administrative Bureau" ({{lang|zh-hant|設治局}}, similar to a governing council) in Mangshi area named Mangzheban Administrative Bureau ({{lang|zh-hant|芒遮板設治局}}) replaced Mangzheban District in 1929. The Administrative Bureau is a quasi-county level administrative division, Mengga is the seat of Mangzheban Administrative Bureau. Mangzheban Administrative Bureau has changed the name to Luxi Administrative Bureau ({{lang|zh-hant|潞西設治局}}) in 1934. Imperial Japanese Army occupied Luxi at 4 May 1942 and retreated at 11 December 1944 when Counterattack Battle of Western Yunnan started. In 1949, Luxi Administrative Bureau was finally upgraded to Luxi County ({{lang|zh-hans|潞西县}}), with the seat of county government at the town of Mangshi, and the first county magistrate was the proxy Tusi Fang Kesheng ({{lang|zh-hans|方克胜}}). The Tusi and administrative governments still coexisted.[8]{{rp|10–11,21–22}} Luxi County government announced support Yunnan revolt, People's Liberation Army stationed in Luxi in April 1950. Three Tusi were perished during the land reform movement in 1955.[9]{{rp|160}} Luxi County upgraded to Luxi City (county-level city) in 1996, and changed the name to Mangshi City in 2010.[10]{{rp|2547}} GeographyMangshi has an area of {{convert|2900.91|km2|abbr=on}}. There are two main basins in Mangshi named Mangshi Ba ({{lang|zh|芒市坝}}) and Zhefang Ba ({{lang|zh|遮放坝}}). The city of Mangshi is situated at the east of Mangshi Ba. Mountain is the mostly landform of Mangshi, approximately 84.48% of the territory. Qingkou Mount ({{lang|zh|箐口山}}) is the city's highest point, with an altitude of 2,889.1 meters. Manxin River's ({{lang|zh|曼辛河}}) estuary (flow to Salween River) is the lowest point, with an altitude of 528 metres in Zhongshan Township.[8]{{rp|52–53}} The mountains are the branches of the west Gaoligong Mountains.[11]{{rp|40}} Mangshi River is the "mother river" of Mangshi,[12] and has a drainage basin of {{convert|1881|km2|abbr=on}},[13]{{rp|90–91}} about 61.3% of area of Mangshi. Longchuan River ({{lang|zh|龙川江}}) is the border river between Mangshi and Lianghe County, Longchuan County on the north and west. Salween River on the southeast tip of Mangshi marks the international border between Mangshi and Myanmar's Shan State.[8]{{rp|59}}[5]{{rp|185}} {{Weather box|width=auto |open = Y |metric first=y |single line=y |collapsed = Y |location = Mangshi (1981−2010) |Jan high C = 22.1 |Feb high C = 23.9 |Mar high C = 27.3 |Apr high C = 29.5 |May high C = 29.5 |Jun high C = 28.7 |Jul high C = 28.0 |Aug high C = 29.0 |Sep high C = 29.1 |Oct high C = 27.8 |Nov high C = 25.0 |Dec high C = 22.4 |Jan mean C = 12.6 |Feb mean C = 14.5 |Mar mean C = 17.9 |Apr mean C = 21.1 |May mean C = 23.3 |Jun mean C = 24.2 |Jul mean C = 23.9 |Aug mean C = 24.2 |Sep mean C = 23.5 |Oct mean C = 21.5 |Nov mean C = 17.3 |Dec mean C = 13.7 |year mean C = |Jan low C = 6.1 |Feb low C = 7.7 |Mar low C = 10.7 |Apr low C = 14.7 |May low C = 18.7 |Jun low C = 21.4 |Jul low C = 21.5 |Aug low C = 21.5 |Sep low C = 20.4 |Oct low C = 17.8 |Nov low C = 12.5 |Dec low C = 8.1 |Jan record high C = 27.0 |Jan record low C = -0.2 |Feb record high C = 31.0 |Feb record low C = 1.5 |Mar record high C = 33.4 |Mar record low C = 3.6 |Apr record high C = 35.2 |Apr record low C = 7.5 |May record high C = 35.6 |May record low C = 13.2 |Jun record high C = 34.9 |Jun record low C = 16.8 |Jul record high C = 34.4 |Jul record low C = 15.9 |Aug record high C = 35.3 |Aug record low C = 17.6 |Sep record high C = 35.0 |Sep record low C = 14.5 |Oct record high C = 33.4 |Oct record low C = 9.3 |Nov record high C = 29.7 |Nov record low C = 5.5 |Dec record high C = 27.4 |Dec record low C = 1.0 |year high C= |year low C= |year high F = |year low F = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 13.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 26.6 |Mar precipitation mm = 26.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 65.4 |May precipitation mm = 154.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 287.5 |Jul precipitation mm = 360.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 317.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 187.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 137.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 49.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 11.8 |Jan humidity = 78 |Feb humidity = 72 |Mar humidity = 66 |Apr humidity = 67 |May humidity = 75 |Jun humidity = 84 |Jul humidity = 87 |Aug humidity = 86 |Sep humidity = 84 |Oct humidity = 83 |Nov humidity = 82 |Dec humidity = 81 |source 1 = China Meteorological Data Service Center }} Administrative divisions{{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|width=220|image1=芒海通道01.jpg|caption1=Manghai Border Passway at Manghai Town |image2=风平镇-潞盈路.jpg|caption2=Street in Fengping Town |image3=中山乡政府.jpg|caption3=Zhongshan Township government }} Mangshi currently comprises 12 administrative township-level subdivisions including 1 subdistrict, 5 towns and 6 townships.
EconomyAs of 2016, Mangshi nominal GDP was CN￥ 9.628 billion, about 0.65% of the province's GDP and ranked 44th among county-level administrative units in Yunnan; its nominal GDP per capita was CN￥ 23,307 and ranked the 66th in the province, lower than Yunnan average value (CN￥ 30,949).[1]{{rp|522,524}} In 1958, Yunnan government regulated the border trade in border area, Mangshi was out of the area.[16]{{rp|211}} In 1980, province government opened Manghai ({{lang|zh-hans|芒海}}), Mangbing ({{lang|zh-hans|芒丙}}) and Xiaogai ({{lang|zh-hans|小街}}) to be the border trade market.[16]{{rp|201}} After Hu Yaobang, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China inspected Dehong prefecture in 1985, Mangshi revoked all the border checkpoint, and made the whole territory to be the border trade zone.[17]{{rp|645}} The border trade and other tertiary sector was prosperity in 1990s. The proportion of thrice industrial in 1978 was 65.6 : 16.3 : 18.1,[17]{{rp|647}} and in 2016 was changed to 23.2 : 20.5 : 56.3.[1]{{rp|524}} Asian rice, sugarcane, tea, coffee, macadamia nut and fruits (banana, pineapple, mango, jackfruit etc.) are the mostly agricultural products of Mangshi, especially coffee. Mangshi has 19,056 ha paddy field, 9,165 ha sugarcane field, 7,504 ha macadamia forest, 5,870 ha coffee field and 5,469 ha fruits field in 2018.[18] Asian Coffee Association was established at Mangshi in 2017,[19] 13 countries are the members of the association.[20] Hogood Coffee is the largest domestic instant coffee producer in China,[21] and it is the 10th largest civilian-run enterprise of Yunnan.[22]Population{{Historical populations|type=China |percentages = pagr |1919|49,105 |1932|39,618 |1947|50,832 |1953|109,718 |1964|152,763 |1982|244,411 |1990|292,183 |2000|337,406 |2010|389,891 |footnote = Source: Annals of Luxi County etc.[8]{{rp|40–41}}[23][24]{{rp|6}} |}} In 2016, Mangshi had a total population of 415.7 thousand within the whole territory,[1]{{rp|533}} of which 171.2 thousand resided in city urban, the subdistrict of Menghuan.[25] According to the 2010 census, Mangshi has 204,083 Han Chinese people, nearly 52.34% of total population. Other mainly ethnics are Dai and Jingpo, which has a population with 132,421 and 29,208.[24]{{rp|101–121}} Mangshi has the most Palaung people in China with the population of 9,986,[24]{{rp|101–121}} they mainly living in Santaishan Palaung Township.[8]{{rp|39}} In the history, Dai people were lived in Mangshi basin area,[8]{{rp|420}} and Jingpo people immigrated to Mangshi mountains from Tibetan Plateau in 16 century.[8]{{rp|425}} Because the war of Ming conquest of Yunnan and several times Sino-Burmese wars, China center government stationed many of Han Chinese army in Mangshi, Han Chinese became the most ethnic group of this area.[5]{{rp|227}} CultureDai people in Mangshi speak Tai Nuea language,[8]{{rp|420}} Jingpo people speak Zaiwa language and Jingpho language, Zaiwa is the most ethnic branch of Jingpo people in Mangshi.[8]{{rp|426}} Almost all the Dai and Palaung people believe theravada, many of villages have their own temple.[8]{{rp|422}} The temple in Mangshi is called "Zhuangfang" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|奘|房}}}}) or "Burmese temple" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|缅|寺}}}}). It is the place for religion activities and teenager's education center of the village, also is the entertainment venue for villagers.[26]{{rp|154,156}} Expenditure of the temple and the monk life costs are afford by the villagers. A normal Dai farmer should pay one-fifth of his annual income for religion in 1988.[8]{{rp|422}} Jingpo folk religion worships various gods as well as the spirits of their ancestors.[8]{{rp|451}} Water-Sprinkling Festival (in Thailand called "Songkran") and Manau are the most grand festival of Dai and Jingpo, they are statutory holidays of Dehong autonomous prefecture.[27]TransportMangshi Tusi Fang Keming ({{lang|zh-hans|方克明}}) and Zhefang Tusi Duo Jianxun ({{lang|zh-hans|多建勋}}) decided to built a road to link Mangshi and Wanding in 1926, they invited an Indian engineer to designed the route. This road was built up in 1931, and became a part of Burma Road in 1937.[8]{{rp|152}} In modern China National Highways network, this road is part of G320 Highway.[28]{{rp|42}} Longling-Ruili Expressway opened on 31 Dec. 2015, it is the first expressway of Mangshi which is part of G56 Hangzhou–Ruili Expressway, also is part of AH14.[29] The construction of Mangshi-Lianghe Expressway has already begun, it is a province-level expressway.[30] Another province-level expressway Ruili-Menglian Expressway is under planning.[31]Dali–Ruili railway is under construction, there are two rail stations in Mangshi: Mangshi and Mangshi West.[32]Dehong Mangshi Airport is the only airport of Dehong Prefecture, which has 1,652,533 passengers and 13,982 aircraft movements in 2017.[33]Social{{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|width=220|image1=德宏州体育运动中心-体育场01.jpg|caption1=Dehong Sports Center |image2=德宏师范高等专科学校-晨曦广场.jpg|caption2=Square and the library of Dehong Normal College }}Dehong Sports Center is located on the west of Mangshi, with a 21,000-capacity stadium, a 3,200-capacity basketball gym, a 2,150-capacity aquatics center, a 6-courts tennis gym and other outdoor sports fields. The sports center was built up in 2008, it has a building area of 36,813.49㎡. Dehong Sports Center is the important cultural and sports activities place of Dehong.[34]Dehong People's Hospital is a Tertiary B-level hospital which built in 1954 located in southeast of Mangshi.[17]{{rp|551}} It has 1,200 beds and the service area covered up Dehong, Longling, Tengchong and part of Myanmar.[35]Dehong Normal College ({{lang|zh|德宏师范高等专科学校}}) is the mainly higher education college of Dehong which established in 2006.[17]{{rp|491}} It is a technical college but under the working for upgrade to a undergraduate education university.[36] Many of Myanmar students are studying abroad in Dehong Normal College.[37] Because there are more than one ethnic living in Dehong territory, they speak in different language. Media of Dehong is also in several languages. Dehong TV Station was established in 1991, they set Chinese, Tai Nuea, Jingpho and Zaiwa television shows. Dehong TV Station is the only TV station which using 4 languages in China.[17]{{rp|522}} Dehong Unity News ({{lang|zh|德宏团结报}}) is the official newspaper of Dehong Prefecture Committee of the Communist Party of China. The newspaper using 5 languages: Chinese, Tai Nuea, Jingpho, Zaiwa and Lisu. It is the only newspaper which using 5 languages in China.[17]{{rp|518}} Pauk-Phaw, the first Burmese newspaper of China, had founded at Mangshi in 2015 and published by Dehong Unity Newspaper office, Pauk-Phaw could served 50,000 Burmese who abroad in China.[38] TourismThere were 3.3 million tourists visited Mangshi in 2015, and took CN￥ 5.09 billion tourism income for the city.[2] Puti Temple,[39] Wuyun Temple and Foguang Temple are well known Buddhist temples in Mangshi.[26]{{rp|155}} Tiecheng Pagoda, Fengping Pagoda and Menghuan Pagoda are well known Buddhist pagodas.[8]{{rp|462}} Tiecheng Pagoda also named "Shubao Pagoda" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|树|包|塔}}}}, means pagoda wrapped by tree). The pagoda was built in Qianlong period, Qing dynasty, and a seed fell in the crack of the pagoda about 200 years ago. Nowadays the pagoda has been wrapped by the bodhi tree.[40]{{rp|262}}[26]{{rp|53}} Mengbanaxi Exotics Garden is the only AAAA state-level scenic spot of Mangshi, it is a gathering of valuables ancient trees and tree fossils.[41] Friendly citiesMangshi currently maintains friendly city agreements with the following foreign cities.
See also
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|isbn=978-7-5558-0726-1}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite book |author=云南省潞西县志编纂委员会 |date=1993 |script-title=zh:《潞西县志》 |trans-title=Annals of Luxi County |language=Chinese |location=Kunming |publisher=Yunnan Education Publishing House |isbn=7-5415-0685-0}} 9. ^1 {{cite book |author=德宏州政协文史和学习委 |date=1997 |script-title=zh:《德宏州文史资料选辑 第十辑（德宏土司专辑）》 |trans-title=Compilation of History Reference of Dehong Prefecture - 10th volume (Dehong Tusi volume) |language=Chinese |location=Mangshi |publisher=Dehong Nationalities Publishing House |isbn=7-80525-340-4}} 10. ^1 {{cite book |author=Ministry of Civil Affairs |date=2016 |script-title=zh:《中华人民共和国政区大典 云南卷》 |trans-title=People's Republic of China Administrative Divisions Encyclopedia Yunnan Volume |language=Chinese |location=Beijing |publisher=China Social Publisher |isbn=978-7-5087-5306-5}} 11. ^{{cite book |author1=中共云南省委政策研究室 |author2=云南省志编纂委员会办公室 |date=1986 |script-title=zh:《云南地州市县概况 德宏傣族景颇族自治州分册》 |trans-title=Overview of Prefecture, city and county of Yunnan·Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture Volume |language=Chinese}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://en.dehong.gov.cn/Gallery/content-104-145-1.html |title=Mangshi River |last= |first= |date=2013-09-24 |website=en.dehong.gov.cn |publisher=Dehong.Gov |access-date=2018-05-21 |quote=}} 13. ^{{cite book |author1=Jing Zhengshu (敬正书) |author2=《中国河湖大典》编纂委员会 |script-title=zh:《中国河湖大典 西南诸河卷》 |trans-title=China Rivers and Lakes Encyclopedia |location=Beijing |publisher=China Water&Power Press |page= |date=2010 |isbn=978-7-5170-2699-0}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2017/53/31/533103.html |title=2017年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码(截止2017年10月31日)>>533103000 芒市 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |access-date=2018-07-27 |language=Chinese |trans-title=Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China, 2017 >> 533103000 Mangshi}} 15. ^{{cite book |author1=国务院人口普查办公室 |author2=国家统计局人口和就业统计司 |script-title=zh:《中国人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料》 |trans-title=Townships, Towns and Subdistricts Reference of China Census |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statics Press |date=2012 |isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2}} 16. ^1 {{cite book |author=德宏史志编纂委员会 |script-title=zh:《德宏州志·经济卷》 |trans-title=Annals of Dehong Prefecture · Economy Volume|location=Mangshi |publisher=Dehong Nationalities Publishing House |date=1997 |isbn=7-80525-398-6}} 17. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |author=《德宏改革开放30年》编委会 |script-title=zh:《德宏改革开放30年》 |trans-title=30 Years of Dehong since Economic Reform |location=Mangshi |publisher=Dehong Nationalities Publishing House |date=2008 |isbn=978-7-80750-133-6}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://yndaily.yunnan.cn/html/2018-03/29/content_1210975.htm?div=-1 |script-title=zh:芒市加大招商引资力度 |trans-title =Mangshi Increase Investment Working |author=Liu Xiangyuan (刘祥元) |date=2018-03-29 |website=yndaily.yunnan.cn |publisher= 云南日报 |access-date=2018-08-02 |language = zh |quote=}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://en.dehong.gov.cn/News/content-95-2387-1.html |title=The Asian Coffee Association established in Mangshi |date=2017-12-04 |website=en.dehong.gov.cn |publisher= Dehong Government |access-date=2018-08-02 |language = en |quote=}} 20. ^{{cite web |url=https://english.vov.vn/economy/vietnam-joins-management-board-of-asian-coffee-association-363480.vov |title=Vietnam joins management board of Asian Coffee Association |date=2017-11-28 |website=english.vov.vn |publisher= THE VOICE OF VIETNAM ONLINE |access-date=2018-08-02 |language = en |quote=}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Case Study|url=https://my.cim.co.uk/media/27572/j16-ad-case-study-final-ds.pdf}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=http://yn.yunnan.cn/system/2018/08/02/030033811.shtml |script-title=zh:入围门槛7.45亿 2018云南非公企业百强公布 俊发集团471亿排第一 |trans-title =Finalist threshold is 745 million Chinese yuan, list of 100 largest civilian-run enterprises of Yunnan 2018 has published, Junfa Group is the top 1 with 47.1 billion worth |author=Zhao Gang (赵岗) |date=2018-08-02 |website=yn.yunnan.cn |publisher= 云南网 |access-date=2018-08-02 |language = zh |quote=}} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000fenxian/htm/table1.htm |title =2000 China Census |date= |website=www.dhms.gov.cn |publisher= National Bureau of Statistics of China |access-date=2018-08-03 |language = zh |quote=}} 24. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Luo Jinzhong (罗进忠) |date=2012 |script-title=zh:《云南省2010年人口普查资料》 |trans-title=People Census Reference of Yunnan 2010 |language=Chinese |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statistics Press |isbn=978-7-5037-6548-3}} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dhms.gov.cn/Web/_F0_0_28D07CK7UV2EPEND4059HLS92W.htm |script-title=zh:勐焕街道概况 |trans-title =Overview of Menghuan Subdistrict |date=2018-03-26 |website=www.dhms.gov.cn |publisher= Mangshi government |access-date=2018-08-03 |language = zh |quote=}} 26. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Zhang Fangyuan (张方元) |script-title=zh:《新编德宏风物志》 |trans-title=Annals of Dehong Prefecture · Economy Volume|location=Kunming |publisher=Yunnan People's Publishing House |date=2000 |isbn=7-222-02968-0}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.xuehua.us/2018/03/17/%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E8%8A%82%E5%81%87%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%897%E4%B8%AA%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E8%8A%82%E5%81%87/ |script-title=zh:我国普遍法定节假日有7个，而这些少数民族的节假日却不止 |trans-title =There are 7 statutory holidays in China, but in minority area are more than 7 |date=2018-03-17 |website=www.xuehua.us |publisher= 雪花新闻 |access-date=2018-08-03 |language = zh |quote=}} 28. ^{{cite book |author=德宏傣族景颇族自治州交通局 |script-title=zh:《德宏州交通志》 |trans-title=Annals of Transportation of Dehong Prefecture |location=Kunming |publisher=Yunnan National Publisher |date=1999 |isbn=7-5367-1188-3}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.yndaily.com/html/2016/yuncaifu_0101/101610.html |script-title=zh:龙瑞高速全线建成通车 昆明到瑞丽实现全程高速 |trans-title = Longling-Ruili Expressway opened the whole of line, Kunming to Ruili realized entire journey with expressway|author1=Liu Xiangyuan (刘祥元) |author2=Wang Yunrui (王云瑞) |date=2016-01-01 |website=www.yndaily.com |publisher=Yunnan Daily Newspaper |access-date=2018-07-28 |language = zh |quote=}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chinanews.com/cj/2017/03-30/8187882.shtml |script-title=zh:中缅边境芒市至梁河高速公路开建 |trans-title = China-Myanmar border Mangshi-Lianghe Expressway started construction|author=Cui Wen (崔汶) |date=2017-03-30 |website=www.chinanews.com |publisher=China News Service |access-date=2018-07-28 |language = zh |quote=}} 31. ^{{cite web |url=http://xw.kunming.cn/a/2017-12/05/content_4867172.htm |script-title=zh:瑞丽至孟连将建高速 |trans-title = China-Myanmar border Mangshi-Lianghe Expressway started construction|author=Wang Lei (王磊) |date=2017-12-05 |website=xw.kunming.cn |publisher= 春城晚报 |access-date=2018-07-28 |language = zh |quote=}} 32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dehong.gov.cn/news/dh/content-16-40145-1.html |script-title=zh:全面推进{{!}}大瑞铁路德宏段建设呈现出大工地、大建设态势 |trans-title =Construction of Dali–Ruili railway Dehong part showing the big construction situation |date=2018-03-19 |website=www.dehong.gov.cn |publisher= 德宏网 |access-date=2018-07-28 |language = zh |quote=}} 33. ^{{cite web |url=http://info.swcaac.gov.cn/sctj/Manage/SimpleReport/SimpleMian.aspx?Id=948 |script-title=zh:2017年1-12月 西南地区机场生产统计简报 |trans-title = Production Statistics Briefing of Airports in Southwest China during January to December in 2017 |date=2018-01-31 |website=info.swcaac.gov.cn |publisher=Civil Aviation Administration of China |access-date=2018-07-28 |language = zh |quote=}} 34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sohu.com/a/228694814_525917 |script-title=zh:德宏州体育运动中心——运动休闲的乐园 |trans-title = Dehong Sports Center, the paradise of sports and leisure |date=2018-04-18 |website=www.sohu.com |publisher=Sports Dehong |access-date=2018-08-03 |language = zh |quote=}} 35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dhzyy.com/About/page/category/1.html |script-title=zh:医院概况 |trans-title = Overview of Hospital |date= |website=www.dhzyy.com |publisher=Dehong People's Hospital |access-date=2018-08-03 |language = zh |quote=}} 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dehongzx.com/Web/Detail.aspx?id=5059 |script-title=zh:全国政协会上的德宏声音 |trans-title = Dehong Voice on the CPPCC |date=2018-03-12 |website=www.dehongzx.com |publisher=Dehong People's PCC |access-date=2018-08-03 |language = zh |quote=}} 37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dehong.gov.cn/news/dh/content-16-40634-1.html |script-title=zh:缅甸留学生董明军：我想考中国的大学，学更多的农业知识 |trans-title = Myanmar international student Dong Mingjun: I want go to university in China, and learn more agricultural technology |date=2018-04-27 |website=www.dehong.gov.cn |publisher=德宏综合广播 |access-date=2018-08-03 |language = zh |quote=}} 38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2015-12/06/c_1117370715.htm |author=Yao Bing (姚兵) |script-title=zh:中国首份缅文报纸《胞波》在云南德宏创刊 |trans-title = First Burmese Newspaper Pauk-Phaw has founded in Dehong, Yunnan |date=2015-12-06 |website=www.xinhuanet.com |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |access-date=2018-08-04 |language = zh |quote=}} 39. ^{{cite book |author=Zi Yan |title=Famous Temples in China |year=2012 |publisher=Huangshan Publishing House |location=Hefei, Anhui |pages=171–172 |isbn=978-7-5461-3146-7 |language=en, zh}} 40. ^{{cite book |author=《德宏傣族景颇族自治州概况》编写组 |script-title=zh:《德宏傣族景颇族自治州概况》 |trans-title=Overview of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture |location=Beijing |publisher=Publishing House of Minority Nationalities |date=2008 |isbn=978-7-10508-592-7}} 41. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.discoverchinatours.com/travel-guide/mangshi/mengbanaxi-exotic-garden/ |title=Mengbanaxi Exotic Garden Travel Guide |publisher=Discover China Tours |access-date=2018-08-04 |language = en |quote=}} 42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dh.gov.cn/Web/_F0_0_28D0791P482DVNEJS0SMH5Y866.htm |script-title=zh:政府工作报告(2014年3月3日) |trans-title = Government working report(3rd March 2014)|author=Gong Jingzheng (龚敬政) |date=2015-12-04 |publisher=Dehong Prefecture People's Government |access-date=2017-09-24 |language = zh |quote=}} 43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ynmsrd.com/news/content-6-92-1.html |script-title=zh:韩国江陵市议会代表团到芒市进行友好交流 |trans-title = Mission of Gangneung City Council conduct friendly exchanges in Mangshi |last= |first= |date=2014-10-19 |website=www.ynmsrd.com |publisher=芒市人大常委会 |access-date=2018-07-29 |language = zh |quote=}} External links
2 : County-level divisions of Dehong Prefecture|Populated places in Yunnan |
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