| 词条 | Manhattanization | ||||||
| 释义 |
Manhattanization is a neologism coined to describe the construction of many tall or densely situated buildings, which transforms the appearance and character of a city to resemble Manhattan, a heavily and densely populated borough of New York City.[1] It was a pejorative word used by critics of the highrise buildings built in San Francisco during the 1960s and 1970s, who claimed the skyscrapers would block views of the bay and the surrounding hills.[2] With careful urban planning, the phenomenon became more accepted in time.[3] The term also gained usage as a buzzword for high-density developments in Las Vegas, Nevada,[4][5] Los Angeles,[6] Dubai,[7] and Miami in the early 2000s[8] and again in the 2010s.[9] Another example is the construction boom in Toronto since 2007.[10] The term has even been applied to many smaller US cities that have seen a large spike in downtown high rise rental buildings since the 21st Century.[11] Nonetheless, these cities would have to multiply their populations many times over to match the population density of Manhattan, though this is a biased comparison between a city and a district, as even the other four "outer boroughs" of New York City would have to nearly triple in population to match Manhattan's current density.[12] Likewise, the just over {{convert|1|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} Brickell (Miami) financial district is more dense than New York City overall, not Manhattan alone, as of the 2010 census. San FranciscoThe term "Manhattanization" was initially used to describe the construction of large skyscrapers in San Francisco's Financial District in the 1970s. Since then, tall buildings have proliferated in San Francisco. This has expanded to the South of Market neighborhood. From 2000 to 2018, more than 15 buildings taller than 30 stories were built.[13] There are now over 160 buildings taller than 240 feet, with several more in development or planned. This is potentially worrying as the area where most of the skyscrapers are located is on land with high potential for soil liquefaction.[14] MiamiThe term "Manhattanization" has been used to describe the 2003–2008 boom of real estate developments in Miami that brought the construction of more than 50 high rise buildings throughout the city.[15][16] A second housing market boom took place in Miami from 2012 to present ({{as of|November 2015}}).[17] Along with the over ten thousand residential units added, the downtown area saw a revitalization and an increased prevalence of walking and public transport usage,[18][19] similar to Manhattan. Miami is sometimes likened to a "southern Manhattan" not only for its high rises, but for its large financial district.[20] Miami is now the US city with the third most skyscrapers (behind New York City and Chicago). See also: List of tallest buildings in Miami, shows completion year of high rises. Sanhattan"Sanhattan" has been used as a portmanteau to describe the developed cluster of skyscrapers in Santiago, Chile.[21][22] TorontoToronto has experienced a construction boom since 2007, primarily in its development of condominiums and other high rise residential towers. In one week of 2018, Toronto's city council approved 755 stories of new development in the city's downtown core.[23] See also: List of tallest buildings in Toronto, shows completion year of high rises. GallerySee also
ReferencesFootnotes1. ^{{cite web|title=Definition of Manhattanize at Dictionary.com |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/manhattanize |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507050656/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/manhattanize |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |accessdate=June 28, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 2. ^{{cite news|title=Skyscrapers Soaring in San Francisco|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 29, 1969|page=H6|quote=The high-rises, said University of California architectural critic Allan Temko, 'cause the hills to lose their impact and they interfere with the view of the bay.'}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/nativeson/article/Manhattanization-revisited-5415677.php |title=Manhattanization revisited |work=SF Gate|first=Carl|last=Nolte|date=April 19, 2014|accessdate=November 16, 2015}} 4. ^{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Hubble|title=Problems continue in high-rise condo market|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/business/housing/problems-continue-high-rise-condo-market|accessdate=June 28, 2015|newspaper=Las Vegas Review Journal|date=May 28, 2010}} 5. ^Las Vegas High Rise Condo Magazine - High Rise, Midrise, and Loft Projects {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427234435/http://www.manhattanization.com/ |date=2006-04-27 }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-op-kotkin12aug12-story.html |title=Why rush to Manhattanize L.A.?|date=August 12, 2007|first=Joel|last=Kotkin|work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=November 16, 2015}} 7. ^{{harvp|Emerald Group Publishing|2013|p=xx}}. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/how-to-manhattanize-a-city |work=The New Yorker |title=How to Manhattanize a city|date=October 23, 2013| first=Elizabeth |last=Greenspan| accessdate=November 15, 2015}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/12/us-miami-traffic-idUSKCN0T12F620151112 |title=Traffic gridlock in Miami spurs search for transit solutions |publisher=Reuters|date=November 12, 2015 | first1=David | last1= Adams |first2=Zachary |last2=Fagenson |accessdate=December 2, 2015}} 10. ^{{cite news|last=Alcoba|first=Natalie|title=Toronto's 'Manhattanization': Downtown development growing at 'mind blowing' rate|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/toronto/torontos-manhattanization-downtown-office-development-growing-at-mind-blowing-rate|accessdate=June 28, 2015|newspaper=National Post|date=August 27, 2014}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304049904579517890655620418 |title=High-Rise Apartment Buildings Sprout in Downtowns Nationwide |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company |date=April 25, 2014|first=Conor |last=Dougherty|accessdate=November 16, 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanone.com/is-your-city-manhattanizing-charts |title=Is your city Manhattanizing? Probably not within the next few hundred years. (CHARTS) |publisher=Urban One|first=Shane |last=Phillips |date=April 14, 2015|accessdate=November 16, 2015}} 13. ^https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/san-francisco-tallest-buildings-skyscrapers-height-13532960.php 14. ^https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/urban/sfbay/liquefaction/sfbay/ 15. ^{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816153839/http://thinkmiami.com/articles/articles_show.php?idart=&idprod=79 |archive-date=August 16, 2009 |url=http://www.thinkmiami.com/articles/articles_show.php?idart=&idprod=79 |title=The Manhattanization of Miami |accessdate=June 28, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.drsre.com/manhattanization_of_miami.htm |title=Miami's Manhattanization |accessdate=June 28, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828040513/http://drsre.com/manhattanization_of_miami.htm |archivedate=August 28, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21600172-could-miami-skyline-one-day-resemble-manhattans-erectile-resumption |title=Erectile resumption |work=The Economist |date=April 5, 2014|accessdate=November 16, 2015}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.miamidade.gov/transit/ridership-technical-reports.asp |title=Ridership Technical Reports |publisher=Miami-Dade County|accessdate=November 16, 2015}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/RidershipArchives.aspx |title=Ridership Report Archives |publisher=American Public Transportation Association |date= |accessdate=November 16, 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/miami-is-the-new-manhattan-2014-2 |title=Miami Is Wall Street South — Here's Why |date=February 24, 2014 |first1=Amanda |first2=Linette |last1=Macias |last2= Lopez |work=Business Insider |accessdate=November 16, 2015}} 21. ^{{cite web|author=Antonio Skarmeta|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/02/27/the-cinderella-of-latin-america.html |title=Antonio Skármeta Reflects on Santiago |publisher=IBT Media |work=Newsweek |date=2011-02-27 |accessdate=2011-02-28}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.millwardbrown.com/mb-global/brand-strategy/brand-equity/brandz/top-latin-american-brands/2012/chile/sanhattan|title="Sanhattan" Symbolizes New Chile|publisher=Millward Brown|accessdate=June 28, 2015}} 23. ^https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/toronto-experiencing-manhattanization-of-downtown-core/article20229182/ Bibliography
4 : History of San Francisco|Urban studies and planning terminology|Culture of Miami|History of Manhattan |
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