“Marathi grammar”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The grammar of the Marathi language shares similarities with other modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Odia, Gujarati or Punjabi. The first modern book exclusively on Marathi Grammar was printed in 1805 by Shubham Bhatt.^[1]^[2]

The principal word order in Marathi is SOV (subject–object–verb).^[3] Nouns inflect for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular, plural), and case. Marathi preserves the neuter gender found in Sanskrit, a feature further distinguishing it from many Indo-Aryan languages. Typically, Marathi adjectives do not inflect unless they end in long a, in which case they inflect for gender and number. Marathi verbs inflect for tense (past, present, future). Verbs can agree with their subjects, yielding an active voice construction, or with their objects, yielding a passive voice construction. A third type of voice, not found in English for example, is produced when the verb agrees with neither subject nor object. Affixation is largely suffixal in the language and postpositions are attested.^[4] An unusual feature of Marathi, as compared to other Indo-European languages, is that it displays the inclusive and exclusive we feature, that is common to the Dravidian languages, Rajasthani, and Gujarati.

The contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. These rules are described in Marathi Grammar, written by M.R Walimbe. The book is widely referred to students in schools and colleges.

Sanskrit influence

Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and above mentioned rules give special status to ‘tatsama’ (तत्सम) words borrowed from the Sanskrit language. This special status expects the rules for ‘tatsama’ words be followed as of Sanskrit grammar.

Parts of speech

Nominals

Gender

There are three genders in Marathi: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Some other, modern Indo-European languages have lost these genders, completely or in part, with either common gender (merging masculine and feminine), as in some Northern Germanic languages, and neuter or masculine (absorbing neuter) and feminine, as in almost all Romance languages, with the notable exception of Romanian.

The three-gender system of German is seen as one reason for the popularity of studying German amongst Marathi native speakers.^[5]

Case

There are differences of opinion regarding grammatical cases in Marathi.{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|p=43–44}} According to one view, there are two cases: direct, which is unmarked (e.g. Ram 'Ram') and oblique, which is used before postpositions (e.g. {{transl|mr|ram-a-pasun}} 'from Ram', {{transl|mr|ram-a-la}} 'to Ram', -a being the case marker and -la the dative postposition). According to the alternative analysis, there is a distinction between two classes of "postpositions". Some of them, like {{transl|mr|-pasun}} 'from' have a wide range of meanings and can be separated form the noun by clitics like {{transl|mr|-cya}} (e.g. {{transl|mr|ram-a-cya-pasun}}), while others (like -la) are only used to mark arguments and cannot be separated from the noun by clitics (*{{transl|mr|ram-a-cya-la}} is ungrammatical). The latter are then considered to be the case markers. In this view, the cases are: nominative (unmarked), accusative/dative (singular -la, plural -na), ergative, which is traditionally called 'instrumental' (sg. -ne, pl. -ni) and genitive/possessive ({{IPA|-tsa}}, {{IPA|-tse}}, {{IPA|-tʃa}}, {{IPA|-tʃi}}). The class of true postpositions will then include -hatun 'through', -hu(n) 'from'/ablative, -t locative, -gaji 'in place of' and many more.{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|pp=44,109–19}} The genitive markers inflect to agree with the governing noun. The form of the oblique suffix depends on the gender and the final vowel of the word it is suffixed to.{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|p=45}}

Traditional grammar

In traditional analyses which follow the pattern of Sanskrit grammatical tradition, case suffixes are referred to as vibhaktī pratyaya (विभक्ति प्रत्यय). There are eight such vibhaktī (विभक्ति) in Marathi. The form of the original word changes when such a suffix is to be attached to the word, and the new, modified root is referred to as saamaanya ruup of the original word. For example, the word ghodā (घोडा “horse”) gets transformed into ghodyā- (घोड्या-) when the suffix -var (वर- “on”) is attached to it to form ghodyāvar (घोड्यावर “on the horse”). The nominal suffixes are tabulated below.

Pronouns

There are three grammatical persons (पुरुष purushh) in Marathi. There is gender distinction in the first- and second-persons when the pronouns act as agreement markers on verbs; as independent pronouns this distinction in lost.^[6]

Verbs

Voice

Traditional grammar distinguishes three grammatical voices (प्रयोग prayog) in Marathi.

Sentence structure

A Marathi sentence generally has three parts: subject (कर्ता kartā), object (कर्म karma), and verb (क्रियापद kriyāpad). In a Marathi sentence, the subject comes first, then the object, and finally the verb. However, in some sentences there is no object.

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite book|title = Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|last = Rao|first = Goparaju Sambasiva|publisher = Academic Foundation|year = 1994|isbn = 9788171880577|location = |pages = 48 and 49|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082805/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC|archivedate = 7 December 2014|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC}}
2. ^{{Cite book|title = A Grammar of the Marathi Language|last = Carey|first = William|publisher = Serampore Mission Press|year = 1805|isbn = 9781108056311|location = Serampur{{sic}}|pages = |authorlink = William Carey (missionary)}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url = http://wals.info/valuesets/81A-mhi|title = Datapoint Marathi / Order of Subject, Object and Verb|date = 21 April 2008|accessdate = |website = WALS Online|publisher = |last = Dryer|first = Matthew S.|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207223053/http://wals.info/valuesets/81A-mhi|archivedate = 7 December 2014|authorlink = Matthew Dryer}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=93&menu=004|title = UCLA Language Materials Project- Marathi|date = |accessdate = |website = UCLA Language Materials Project|publisher = |last = |first = }}
5. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-german-language-still-most-preferred-foreign-language-in-pune-1594130|title = German language still most-preferred foreign language in Pune|date = 2 October 2011|accessdate = |website = Daily News and Analysis|publisher = |last = Nandi|first = Soumabha|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140312001318/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-german-language-still-most-preferred-foreign-language-in-pune-1594130|archivedate = 12 March 2014}}
6. ^Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 18–19