| 词条 | Marble Arch Caves |
| 释义 |
| name = Marble Arch Caves | photo = Marble Arch Caves - gour pools and flowstone.jpg | photo_alt = Gour pool, or rimstone, calcite formations. | photo_caption = "The Castle" gour pool formations in the Marble Arch Caves show cave. | map = UK Northern Ireland | relief = yes | location = near Florencecourt, {{nowrap|County Fermanagh}} | coords = {{coord|54|15|30.34|N|7|48|51.53|W}} | depth = 94 m | length = {{convert|11.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}[1] | survey = | survey_format = | discovery = 1895 | geology = | entrance_count = | entrance_list = | difficulty = | hazards = | access = Show cave; accessible beyond with permission from Marble Arch Caves centre[2] | translation = | language = | pronunciation = }} The Marble Arch Caves are a series of natural limestone caves located near the village of Florencecourt in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. The caves are named after the nearby Marble Arch, a natural limestone arch at the upstream end of Cladagh Glen under which the Cladagh River flows.[3] The caves are formed from three rivers draining off the northern slopes of Cuilcagh mountain, which combine underground to form the Cladagh. On the surface, the river emerges from the largest karst resurgence in Ireland, and one of the largest in the United Kingdom.[4] At {{convert|11.5|km|mi}} the Marble Arch Caves form the longest known cave system in Northern Ireland,[1] and the karst is considered to be among the finest in the British Isles.{{#tag:ref|{{cite book| editor1-last=Stephens| editor1-first=N.| editor2-last=Glassock| editor2-first=R. E| last=Williams| first=P. W| year=1970| chapter=Limestone morphology in Ireland| title=Irish Geographical Studies| pages=105–124| publisher=Queens University of Belfast| quote=Geomorphological knowledge of the Marble Arch Upland and indeed of all the other upland karst in this part of Ireland is exceedingly poor which is surprising since the karst is among the finest in the British Isles.}}[4]}} History18th–19th century: The Junction, Grand Gallery and Pool ChamberThe Marble Arch, Cladagh River resurgence and three large dolines on the plateau above the end of Cladagh Glen were all known well before underground exploration began; in fact the arch was a popular tourist attraction in the 19th century.[5] As early as the 1730s, the Reverend William Henry described these features, as well as the sinks of the Owenbrean, Aghinrawn and Sruh Croppa rivers which he correctly surmised to be feeders of the system.[6] Without venturing far into the cave, Henry descended to the base of one of the dolines above the resurgence: {{quote|The arch over my head was 20 feet high, continued with a little landing for 100 yards to the other great pit, by the light of which I could observe the river flowing gently along...|Rev. William Henry|A Natural History of the Parish of Killesher (1732)[6]}}The stream passages at the base of each shakehole were first explored by Édouard-Alfred Martel and Dublin naturalist Lyster Jameson in 1895.[7] Using a canvas boat, and with candles and magnesium flares for light, Martel and Jameson found {{convert|1000|ft|m|order=flip}} of passages,[8] including the junction where the three rivers (the Owenbrean and the combined Aghinrawn and Sruh Croppa) meet.{{#tag:ref|Ordnance Survey maps of the area incorrectly label the rivers west–east as the "Sruh Croppa", "Owenbrean or Monastir" and leave the most easterly river unnamed. Early reports of cave exploration on Cuilcagh Mountain use this naming convention, while later publications use the correct local names of Sruh Croppa, Aghinrawn (or Monastir) and Owenbrean.[5][9]|name=owenbrean|group="NB"}}[3] They drew a map of the discoveries and line drawings depicting the expedition, noting the upstream conclusion by boat in the Grand Gallery, and on foot at Pool Chamber.[8] Today, this route to Pool Chamber forms part of the walking section of the show cave.[5] Martel and Jameson also investigated Cradle Hole, a very large surface shakehole {{convert|1/4|mi|m|order=flip|sigfig=1}} south-south-west of Marble Arch. A cave entrance in the north-eastern corner—Lower Cradle—was explored, reaching an underground river and passages with the same proportions as those in the Marble Arch Cave.[8] 1907–1908: Great Boulder Chamber and dye tracingIn 1907, English cavers from the Yorkshire Ramblers' Club began exploration in the area, and without access to a boat they decided to wade the section of underground river as far as The Junction, subsequently reaching the extent of Martel and Jameson's explorations.[10] Bolstered by the experience, and the good possibility of further discoveries, the Yorkshire Ramblers returned in Easter 1908. A group of cavers descended a pothole located close to the large dolines on the plateau and discovered the Great Boulder Chamber. After a few hours of exploring, they realised that they had found a new route into Pool Chamber, bypassing the deep water of the original entrance.[3] During the 1908 explorations, the Yorkshire Ramblers conducted tests to ascertain the hydrological connections between caves. They performed a dye tracing experiment with fluorescein, establishing a direct hydrological connection from the Aghinrawn River sink at Monastir cliff, via Upper Cradle Hole Cave (situated on the south side of Cradle Hole), to the Cladagh Glen resurgence.[3] While surveying Lower Cradle Hole Cave, one caver sent a floating candle downstream along the river, until it floated under a low ceiling out of sight at the end of the known passage. On plotting the surveyed passage on a map alongside Marble Arch Cave, it was apparent that only {{convert|30|ft|m|sigfig=1|order=flip}} separated the end of this passage from the upstream end of the Grand Gallery, and it was postulated that a connection between the two might be forged.[3][11] 1935–1938: Skreen Hill and connectionsNo further exploration was made until Easter 1935 when another group from the Yorkshire Ramblers' Club made their way from England.[12] In wet conditions, the cavers re-entered Pool Chamber via the entrance found in 1908, and after some investigation discovered a high-level crawling passage exiting the chamber. The passage ended high in the wall of New Chamber, a cavern of considerable size, where the upstream continuation of the river was found. Exploration was halted here as the water was too deep to pass.[12] The club returned to New Chamber in 1936 to explore and survey the ongoing Skreen Hill passage, named after the hill on the surface above. After {{convert|1200|ft|m|order=flip}} of walking passage, the cavers stopped at a deep lake.[13] This section of deep water is where the path of the current show cave ends.[5] When club members returned again in 1938 they brought an inflatable dinghy, allowing them to progress across the lake, only to discover that the way on was blocked by Sump 1, just {{convert|132|ft|m|order=flip}} from the shore.[14] During the 1935 expedition another group of cavers explored Lower Cradle Hole Cave. On reaching the downstream end of the cave, they discovered that water levels were now low enough to see a series of low arches above the water surface. By anchoring a floating candle part-way through the passage, exiting the cave and returning to the end of the Grand Gallery in Marble Arch Cave, the cavers confirmed that the passages were connected; subsequently, two of the party swam through to make the first through-trip between Marble Arch Cave and Lower Cradle Hole Cave.[12] 1966–1967: Skreen Hill 2, 3 and Legnabrocky WayBy the mid-1960s a number of advancements had been made in cave diving, by which method speleologists had extended their explorations into caves beyond the sumps that would normally have halted progress. In December 1966 divers Dave Cobley and Mike Boon made preparations to dive Sump 1 in Skreen Hill passage. Before making the dive however, they investigated a small dry passage leading off on the left bank of the lake, finding it to be blocked at the end by unstable boulders in the roof. The cavers removed one of the boulders to reveal a way on, which led via a dry route to the far side of Sump 1.[15] The new {{convert|200|m|ft|adj=on}} section of river passage beyond was named Skreen Hill 2, and a further {{convert|1/2|mi|m|sigfig=1|order=flip|adj=on}} inlet passage was named Legnabrocky Way. A notable feature of the Legnabrocky Way is the Giant's Hall, a large chamber 60 m long, 30 m high and 15 m wide (200×98×49 ft).[5] Despite only carrying a small stream, the Legnabrocky Way is the largest section of passage in Marble Arch Cave.[16] The upstream continuation of the river in Skreen Hill 2 was found to be shortly blocked by Sump 3, so in March 1967 a team of divers returned to attempt further exploration. William Frakes and John Ogden were the first to successfully pass the {{convert|25|m|ft|adj=on}} sump to reach Skreen Hill 3, {{convert|2100|ft|m|order=flip}} of "magnificent stream passage" ending in boulder choke.[15][16] In the ensuing months a comprehensive survey was made of all of Marble Arch Caves, including the newly discovered sections. During this time, surveyors learned of the deaths of Frakes, Ogden and Colin Vickers—another of the divers in the original team—in the Mossdale Caverns accident. In tribute, a number of cave features in Skreen Hill 3 were named after the three cavers.[15] 1982–1985: show cave developmentFrom 1982 until after opening in 1985, sections of Marble Arch Cave underwent development to improve accessibility in order to accept tourist visitors. As well as concrete pathways, safety barriers and electric lighting, this involved installing weirs and jetties for boat access to enable visitors to enter the caves by the same route that Martel and the early explorers took.[17] The development also included boring a new entrance shaft into Screen Hill and, significantly, blasting a corridor through the short section of rock separating Pool Chamber from New Chamber. This connected Screen Hill all the way to The Junction for walking visitors for the first time. At this time, all known entrances to the cave system were gated to allow show cave management to control access. From then on, cavers were only allowed access by agreement with the show cave. 1995: Cradle Hole tragedyThree cavers died on a trip into Lower Cradle Hole on 15 January 1995. They were in a group of ten cavers, mostly students from University College Dublin and Dublin Institute of Technology caving clubs, when the three were swept away by fast running water and drowned in the low air-space (or "duck") section of passage between the end of Lower Cradle Hole and the Grand Gallery in Marble Arch Cave.[18] Those killed were Philip Marshall (20), Brian Patrick Kennedy (22) and Conleth Cormican (21).[19][20] 2009–2010: diving connectionsIn 2009 and 2010 diving connections were made to nearby cave systems by Artur Kozłowski. Kozłowski made the first connecting dive to Prod's Pot – Cascades Rising, doubling the total length of the system from {{convert|4.5|to|9|km|mi|abbr=on}}.[39] Subsequently he and Chris Jewell connected the newly established Monastir Sink – Upper Cradle system,[21] extending the Marble Arch system to {{convert|11.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}.[22] The discoveries make this the longest cave in Northern Ireland.[1] Hydrology and development{{OSM Location map| coord = {{coord|54.2541|N|7.8110|W}} | zoom=13 | float = | width = 256 | height = | fullscreen-option = | caption = The main section of Marble Arch Cave is fed by three rivers on the slopes of Cuilcagh Mountain. | title = | mark = | mark-coord = {{coord|54|15|30.34|N|7|48|51.53|W}} | label = Marble Arch Cave | label-pos = top | mark-title = Marble Arch Cave | mark-description = Location of main entrance to Marble Arch Cave. | mark1 = Blue pog.svg | mark-coord1 ={{coord|54.2533329|N|7.8216359|W}} | label1 = Sruh Croppa River sink | label-color1 = blue | label-pos1 = top | mark-title1 = Sruh Croppa River sink | mark-description1 = Point at which the Sruh Croppa River goes underground. NB: In dry weather, the river sinks upstream of this point. | mark2 = Blue pog.svg | mark-coord2 ={{coord|54.2503652|N|7.8172771|W}} | label2 = Aghinrawn River sink | label-color2 = blue | label-pos2 = top | mark-title2 = Aghinrawn River sink | mark-description2 = Point at which the Aghinrawn River goes underground, at the base of Monastir Cliff. | mark3 = Blue pog.svg | mark-coord3 ={{coord|54.2475513|N|7.8011655|W}} | label3 = Owenbrean River sink | label-color3 = blue | label-pos3 = top | mark-title3 = Owenbrean River sink | mark-description3 = Point at which the Owenbrean River goes underground, at a cave named Pollasumera. Some of the river flow also sinks further upstream of this point. }} The Marble Arch Cave system is chiefly formed from three rivers which drain off the Marlbank area on the north side of Cuilcagh mountain. From west to east, these tributaries are the Sruh Croppa, the Aghinrawn (or Monastir) and the Owenbrean.[5] The Prod's Pot – Cascades Rising section of the system (connected to Marble Arch Caves in 2009)[23] has a complex hydrology which includes drainage from at least five small sinks on the eastern Marlbank (Gortmaconnell Pot, Little Gortmaconnell Pot, Smokey Mountain Sink and two unnamed sinks at Brookfield have been dye traced to Cascades); sections of the Owenbrean River upstream of its main sink at Pollasumera; and most notably Goat Pot, Aghatirourke Pot, Pigeon Pots and Badger Pot on East Cuilcagh, nearly {{convert|3|km|mi}} to the southeast.[24] Of these, Goat Pot and Aghatirourke Pot have also been traced to Tullyhona Rising ({{convert|1.5|km|mi}} east-southeast from Cascades Rising); Pigeon Pots, Badger Pot and Aghatirourke Pot also flow to Gortalughany Rising (an overflow rising on East Cuilcagh); and Badger Pot and Pigeon Pots also flow to Shannon Pot on the far western slopes of Cuilcagh.[25] Show caveÉdouard-Alfred Martel first postulated that Marble Arch Cave would make a worthy show cave after initially exploring the system in 1895.[8] However it was not until 1982 that work eventually began on creating a new underground tourist attraction.[26] Development included:
Covering a small section of the system, the Marble Arch Caves show cave was opened to the public on 29 May 1985.[26] Visitors travel through the first part of the caves by boat on the subterranean Cladagh River, before walking through the rest of the chambers.[28] Between 1985 and 2008 the show cave attracted approximately 1 million visitors, from 100 countries worldwide.[29] Annual visitor capacity (during the period that the cave is open, March–September) is 94,060.[27] European/Global Geopark status{{Main|Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark}}In 2001, the caves and the nearby Cuilcagh Mountain Park joined to become a European Geopark under the name Marble Arch Caves European Geopark, the first park in the UK to be recognised by the European Geoparks Network (EGN).[28] This allocation was due in part to the existence of the caves themselves and also the rare blanket bog which covers a vast area of the mountains. Under an agreement between the EGN and the UNESCO Earth Sciences division in 2004,[30] the park became part of the Global Network of National Geoparks (GGN) scheme and was renamed Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark. In 2008 the park boundaries were extended across the border into parts of County Cavan in the Republic of Ireland, making it the first international Geopark in the world.[31] Conservation issuesThe cutting of turf has led to damage in the area. Extensive drainage in parts of the bog has damaged the bog's ability to retain water, resulting in flooding and abnormally high water levels in the caves downstream.[33] This has impeded tourist activity in the past, notably in 1989 when the impact of such damage influencing cave water levels first became evident.[33] As a protective measure, turf cutting has been banned within the wider Geopark. In addition more than 1200 small dams have been put in place across the bogland to slow water flow and encourage the growth of new bog.[34] Another problem is that human interference can cause the limestone to be damaged or eroded. In a particular case in 1984, a group of vandals broke into the show cave before it was opened to the public and threw stones at some of the calcite formations around the entrance. Many small stalactites were snapped off at their bases, while the tip of the largest stalactite in the show cave (over {{convert|2|m|ft|disp=x| [|]}} in length)[32] was broken off. This tip fell onto a sandbank on the cave floor where it was retrieved the next day by a workman. It was then sent to the Ulster Museum in Belfast where a calcite resin was specially produced and subsequently used to stick the tip back onto its original position.[35] ResourcesSee also
Notes1. ^1 2 {{cite web | title=N Ireland – Longest caves | url=http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/country-nireland-longest | accessdate=2010-12-17}} 2. ^{{cite web |title=Access |publisher=Speleological Union of Ireland |url=http://www.caving.ie/access/ |accessdate=2010-10-06}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal| last=Brodrick| first=Harold| title=The Florence Court Caves: Co. Fermanagh| journal=Yorkshire Ramblers' Club Journal| volume=3| issue=9| publisher=Yorkshire Ramblers' Club| year=1909| pages=49–65| location=Leeds| url=http://www.yrc.org.uk/yrcweb/index.php/journal/vols1-5/volume3/no-9-1909/151-v3n9p49| accessdate=24 July 2012}} 4. ^1 {{cite web| title=Marlbank–Cuilcagh Mountain Region; Marble Arch Karst – Full Report| work=Earth Science Conservation Review| publisher=Northern Ireland Environment Agency| url=http://www.habitas.org.uk/escr/site.asp?item=1156| accessdate=23 December 2012}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book| last1=Jones| first1=Gareth Ll.| last2=Burns| first2=Gaby| last3=Fogg| first3=Tim| last4=Kelly| first4=John| title=The Caves of Fermanagh and Cavan| edition=2nd| publisher=Lough Nilly Press| year=1997| pages=79–84| isbn=0-9531602-0-3| ref=harv}} 6. ^1 {{cite article| last=Henry| first=Rev. William| authorlink=William Henry (clergyman)| title=A Natural History of the Parish of Killesher, by Rev'd William Henry, Rector of it|date=7 January 1732| work=Armagh Public Library Manuscript MS G.I.14}} cited in {{cite journal| last=Barrie| first=Peter| title=These infernal labyrinths: William Henry's 1730s accounts of Fermanagh caves| journal=Irish Speleology| volume=21| date=October 2014| publisher=Speleological Union of Ireland| issn=0332-4907}} 7. ^1 {{cite web | title=Welcome to Marble Arch Caves European Geopark| publisher=Fermanagh District Council| url=http://www.fermanagh.gov.uk/pubuploads/CavesTourBook.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=2010-04-21}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | last=Martel| first=É.-A.| authorlink=Édouard-Alfred Martel| year=1897| title=British Caves and Speleology| journal=The Geographical Journal| volume=X| issue=5| pages=500–511| url=https://archive.org/stream/geographicaljou39britgoog#page/n540/mode/2up| accessdate=24 July 2012| doi=10.2307/1774383}} 9. ^{{cite web| title=Marlbank–Cuilcagh Mountain Region; Marble Arch Karst – Summary| work=Earth Science Conservation Review| publisher=Northern Ireland Environment Agency| url=http://www.habitas.org.uk/escr/summary.asp?item=1156| accessdate=23 December 2012}} 10. ^{{cite journal| last=Brodrick| first=Harold| title=Some Caves And Pot-Holes In County Fermanagh| journal=Yorkshire Ramblers' Club Journal| volume=2| issue=8| publisher=Yorkshire Ramblers' Club| year=1908| pages=291–305| location=Leeds| url=http://www.yrc.org.uk/yrcweb/index.php/journal/vols1-5/volume2/no-8-1907/139-v2n8p291| accessdate=24 July 2012}} 11. ^{{cite journal| last=Brodrick| first= Harold| title=The Marble Arch Caves, County Fermanagh: {{sic|Main stream|nolink=y}} series | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy| volume=27| year=1909| issue=B| publisher=Royal Irish Academy| pages=183–192| url=http://voluwww.archive.org/stream/proceedingsofro27roya#page/n487/mode/2up| accessdate=29 July 2012}} 12. ^1 2 {{cite journal| last=Gowing| first=G. S.| title=The Underground Course Of The Monastir River| journal=Yorkshire Ramblers' Club Journal| volume=6| issue=22| publisher=Yorkshire Ramblers' Club| year=1936| pages=320–328| location=Leeds| url=http://www.yrc.org.uk/yrcweb/index.php/journal/vols1-5/volume3/no-9-1909/151-v3n9p49| accessdate=24 July 2012}} 13. ^{{cite journal| last=Gowing| first=G. S.| title=Ireland re-visited: caves in north and south| journal=Yorkshire Ramblers' Club Journal| volume=7| issue=23| publisher=Yorkshire Ramblers' Club| year=1938| pages=43–51| location=Leeds| url=http://www.yrc.org.uk/yrcweb/index.php/journal/vols6-11/volume7/no-23-1938/427-v7n23p43| accessdate=24 July 2012}} 14. ^{{cite journal| last=Roberts| first=E. E.| title=The Enniskillen Gondoliers| journal=Yorkshire Ramblers' Club Journal| volume=7| issue=24| publisher=Yorkshire Ramblers' Club| year=1947| pages=144–152| location=Leeds| url=http://www.yrc.org.uk/yrcweb/index.php/journal/vols6-11/volume7/no-24-1947/443-v7n24p144| accessdate=24 July 2012}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite journal| last=Holgate| first=Hugh| title=Some Recent Discoveries in Marble Arch Caves| journal=The Irish Caver: Irish Caving Club Newsletter| volume=2| date=December 1967| pages=3–11}} 16. ^1 {{cite web| title=Marble Arch Karst; Marble Arch Cave| work=Earth Science Conservation Review| publisher=National Museums Northern Ireland| url=http://www.habitas.org.uk/escr/site.asp?Item=347| accessdate=21 December 2012}} 17. ^{{cite web| title=Caveman Richard spent so much time underground he developed vitamin deficiency| date=5 June 2015| work=Fermanagh Herald| URL=http://fermanaghherald.com/2015/06/caveman-richard-spent-so-much-time-underground-he-developed-vitamin-deficiency/| accessdate=2017-09-16}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Summary of Incidents for 1995|url=http://www.caverescue.org.uk/IREPPDF/1995IRep.pdf|website=www.caverescue.org.uk|publisher=British Cave Rescue Council|accessdate=31 August 2014}} 19. ^{{cite newspaper|title=Caves claim three lives and four die as storm pounds coast|newspaper=The Irish News|date=21 January 1995|URL=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24918055.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915113246/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24918055.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=15 September 2017|accessdate=2017-09-15}} 20. ^{{cite newspaper|title=Farewell to Friends|newspaper=The DIT Examiner|date=January 1995|pages=6-7|URL=http://arrow.dit.ie/ditsu/106/|format=PDF|accessdate=2017-09-15}} 21. ^{{cite web| title=Monastir Sink – Upper Cradle connection| work=Hell & High Water| date=11 April 2010| URL=http://arturconrad.blogspot.com/2010/05/im-very-pleased-to-announce-that.html| accessdate=2017-09-15}} 22. ^Report from connection between Marble Arch and Upper Cradle 2010. Hell&High Water 23. ^1 Report from connection between Marble Arch and Prod's Pot/Cascades systems 2009. Hell&High Water 24. ^{{cite web| title=Marlbank–Cuilcagh Mountain Region; Prod's Pot – Cascades Rising Area| work=Earth Science Conservation Review| publisher=Northern Ireland Environment Agency| url=http://www.habitas.org.uk/escr/site.asp?item=1155| accessdate=22 December 2012}} 25. ^{{harvnb|Jones|Burns|Fogg|Kelly|1997|pp=60–61}} 26. ^1 {{cite web| title=25 years on, caves still a cultural mecca for tourists and students| last=Dane| first=Lily| work=impartialreporter.com| publisher=Impartial Reporter| date=13 May 2010| url=http://www.impartialreporter.com/news/roundup/articles/2010/05/13/391416-25-years-on-caves-still-a-cultural-mecca-for-tourists-and-students/| accessdate=21 December 2012}} 27. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| title=Sustainability Issues| work=bbc.co.uk| publisher=BBC Online| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/schools/11_16/ks3geography/swf/tourism/decisiontime.shtml| accessdate=21 December 2012}} 28. ^1 {{cite web| title=Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark – IRELAND| publisher=European Geoparks Network| url=http://www.europeangeoparks.org/?page_id=443| accessdate=21 December 2012}} 29. ^{{cite report| title=An Application to Expand the Marble Arch Caves European Geopark on an International Basis into County Cavan in the Republic of Ireland| publisher=Fermanagh District Council; Cavan County Council| year=2008| url=http://hinko.org/hinko/Dowloads/11/2/XI-2-25.pdf| format=PDF| at=A.3| accessdate=21 December 2012}} 30. ^{{cite web| title=The Organisation – Introduction| publisher=European Geoparks Network| url=http://www.europeangeoparks.org/isite/page/58,1,0.asp?mu=4&cmu=33&thID=0| accessdate = 2009-01-23}} 31. ^{{cite web|title=Geopark News: The Worlds First International Geopark! |year=2008 |publisher=Fermanagh District Council |url=http://www.fermanagh.gov.uk/index.cfm?website_Key=47&Category_key=134&Page_Key=553 |accessdate=2009-01-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615161719/http://www.fermanagh.gov.uk/index.cfm?website_Key=47&Category_key=134&Page_Key=553 |archivedate=2011-06-15 |df= }} 32. ^1 {{cite video| title=Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark| author=Fermanagh Lakelands Tourism| publisher=YouTube| at=2m29s| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XrEe69yttRU&t=2m29s| accessdate=21 December 2012}} 33. ^1 {{cite web| title=Peat/turf cutting| work=doeni.gov.uk| publisher=Northern Ireland Environment Agency| date=31 December 2010| url=http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/biodiversity/habitats-2/peatlands/peatland_conservation/peatland_natural-human_factors/peatland_peat_turf_cutting.htm| accessdate=20 December 2012}} 34. ^{{cite web| title=Cave Formation: Restoration of Cuilcagh Mountain Park| work=bbc.co.uk| publisher=BBC Online| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/schools/11_16/ks3geography/nonswf/tourism/cuilcagh.shtml| accessdate=20 December 2012}} 35. ^{{cite journal|title=Marble Arch Caves stal repairs| journal=Caves and Caving| publisher=British Cave Research Association| issue=36}} References{{reflist}}Further reading
External links{{commons category}}
7 : Limestone caves|Show caves in the United Kingdom|Caves of Northern Ireland|Tourist attractions in County Fermanagh|Landforms of County Fermanagh|Caving incidents|Disasters in Northern Ireland |
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