“Marbled wood quail”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The marbled wood quail (Odontophorus gujanensis) is a species of bird in the New World quail family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

Description

Adult marbled wood quails grow to a length of between {{convert|23|and|29|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. The bill is stout and dark-coloured and the legs and feet are bluish-grey. The iris of the eye is brown and there is orange or red bare skin around the eye. The sexes are similar in appearance; the front of the crown and cheeks are reddish-brown and the dark brown, vermiculated feathers on the crown are ruffled to form a short, loose crest. The mantle and neck are greyish-brown, the back and wings are brown with black vermiculations and the rump and upper-tail coverts are indistinctly spotted with paler colour. The underparts are drab brown with some indistinct barring in buff and darker brown. Juvenile birds are similar in appearance to the adults but have reddish-orange bills and non-vermiculated, reddish-brown crests.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

The marbled wood quail has an extensive distribution in Central America and the northern part of South America. Its range extends from Costa Rica and Panama, where it is feared extinct, to Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, the Guianas and Brazil.^[1] It is a ground-dwelling bird, inhabiting the undergrowth in lowland rainforests and cloud forests, occurring at elevations of up to {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Ecuador, {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Colombia and {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Venezuela.^[2]

Ecology

The marbled wood quail is an elusive bird, moving about in the undergrowth and seldom seen, but its distinctive calls can often be heard, particularly at dawn and dusk. It sometimes emerges into the open but stays close to fallen trees or scrub to facilitate an easy retreat. On disturbance, it tends to move away quietly on foot, but will burst into flight if necessary. It usually occurs in small groups that move in single file, foraging through the leaf litter for invertebrates and fallen fruits. Nests are sometimes found at the foot of a tree, with about four white eggs, sometimes spotted with brown, in a shallow scrape concealed under a roof of dead leaves; the breeding season varies with locality.^[2]

Status

The total number of marbled wood quails are thought to be decreasing as their forest habitat in the Amazon basin is increasingly being cleared to provide grazing land for cattle and agricultural land for Soybean production. They are to some extent adaptable to living in secondary growth forest, but the increasing road network puts them at risk of increased hunting. The International Union for Conservation of Nature expects the population to dwindle by 25 to 30% over the next three generations of birds and has assessed their conservation status as being "near threatened".^[1]

References

1. ^¹²{{IUCN|id=22679630 |title=Odontophorus gujanensis |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}
2. ^¹²{{cite book|author1=McGowan, Phil|author2=Madge, Steve|title=Pheasants, Partridges & Grouse: Including buttonquails, sandgrouse and allies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07PtbfrpsdAC&pg=PA400 |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-3566-2 |pages=400–401}}