| 词条 | Margaret Chan |
| 释义 |
This is a Chinese name; Fung is the maiden name and Chan is the married name.{{Infobox President |name = Margaret Chan |native_name = {{nobold|陳馮富珍}} |native_name_lang = zh-hant |nationality = Chinese Canadian[1] |image = Margaret Chan - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011 crop.jpg |imagesize = |caption = Margaret Chan at the World Economic Forum annual meeting in 2011 |order = 7th Director General of the World Health Organization |term_start = 4 January 2007 |term_end = 1 July 2017 |predecessor = Anders Nordström (Acting) |successor = Tedros Adhanom |order1 = 4th Director of Health, Hong Kong |term1 = June 1994 ─ 20 August 2003 |predecessor1 = Lee Shu-Hung |successor1 = Lam Ping-Yan |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|08|21}} |birth_place = Hong Kong |alma_mater = Education University of Hong Kong University of Western Ontario National University of Singapore |spouse = David Chan[2] |vicepresident = }}{{Chinese |t = 陳馮富珍 |s = 陈冯富珍 |j = Can4 Fung4 Fu3 Zan1 |p = Chén-Féng Fùzhēn }} Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun, {{small|OBE}}, JP[3] (born August 21, 1947) is a Chinese-Canadian[1] physician, who served as the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) delegating the People's Republic of China[4] for 2006–2017. Chan was elected by the Executive Board of WHO on 8 November 2006, and was endorsed in a special meeting of the World Health Assembly on the following day. Chan has previously served as Director of Health in the Hong Kong Government (1994–2003), representative of the WHO Director-General for Pandemic Influenza and WHO Assistant Director-General for Communicable Diseases (2003–2006). In 2014 she was ranked as the 30th most powerful woman in the world according to Forbes.{{cn|date=July 2017}} Early life and eucationBorn in Hong Kong as Margaret Fung Fu-chun, Chan was initially trained as a home economics teacher at the Northcote College of Education, now the Education University of Hong Kong. She then earned her BA degree in home economics[5] at Brescia University College an affiliated institution of the University of Western Ontario (UWO) in 1973 and her MD degree at UWO in 1977. She later earned her MSc (public health) degree at the National University of Singapore in 1985. Chan completed the Program for Management Development (PMD 61) at Harvard Business School in 1991. CareerBeginningsChan joined the Hong Kong government in December 1978 as a medical officer. In November 1989, she was promoted to Assistant Director of the Department of Health. In April 1992, she was promoted to Deputy Director and, in June 1994, was named the first woman in Hong Kong to head the Department of Health. Director of Health in Hong Kong, 1994–2003Her profile was raised by her handling, in those positions, of the 1997 H5N1 avian influenza outbreak and the 2003 SARS outbreak in Hong Kong. After the first victim of the H5N1, Chan first tried to reassure Hong Kong residents with her infamous statements like, "I ate chicken last night"[6] or "I eat chicken every day, don't panic, everyone".[7][8][9] When many more H5N1 cases appeared, she was criticized for misleading the public. [10] She became "a symbol of ignorance and arrogance epitomizing the mentality of 'business as usual' embedded in the ideological and institutional practices within the bureaucracy, especially after the hand-over."[11] In the end, she was credited for helping bring the epidemic under control by the slaughter of 1.5 million chickens in the region in the face of stiff political opposition.[12]Her performance during the SARS outbreak, which ultimately led to 299 deaths, attracted harsh criticism from the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and many SARS victims and their relatives.[9] She was criticised by the Legislative Council for her passiveness,[13] for believing in misleading information shared by the mainland authority, and for not acting swiftly.[14] Her lack of political wisdom was evident in her indifference to media reports and widespread public fear at that time.[15] On the other hand, the SARS expert committee established by the Hong Kong Government to assess its handling of the crisis, opined that the failure was not Chan's fault, but due to the structure of Hong Kong's health care system, in which the separation of the hospital authority from the public health authority resulted in problems with data sharing.[16] Chan left the Hong Kong Government in August 2003 after 25 years of service to join the World Health Organization. Director-General of WHO, 2006–2017From 2003 until 2005, Chan served as the Representative of the WHO Director-General for Pandemic Influenza and Assistant Director-General for Communicable Diseases. Chan finished her second term as Director-General of the World Health Organization on June 30, 2017.[17] Appointed to the post in November 2006, her first term ran through to June 2012.[18] In her appointment speech, Chan considered the "improvements in the health of the people of Africa and the health of women" to be the key performance indicator of WHO and she wants to focus WHO's attention on "the people in greatest need."[19] On 18 January 2012, Chan was nominated by the WHO's Executive Board for a second term[20] and was confirmed by the World Health Assembly on 23 May 2012.[21] In her acceptance speech, Chan indicated that universal coverage is a 'powerful equaliser' and the most powerful concept of public health.[21] Chan's new term began on 1 July 2012 and continued until 30 June 2017.[21] In February 2007, Chan provoked the anger of humanitarian and civil society groups by questioning the quality of generic medicines while on a visit to Thailand.[22] In 2010 Chan was criticised for "crying wolf" about the 2009 flu pandemic, which turned out to be much milder than expected.[23] After a visit to North Korea in April 2010, Chan said malnutrition was a problem in the country but that North Korea's health system would be the envy of many developing countries because of the abundance of medical staff.[24] She also noted there were no signs of obesity in the country, which is a newly emerging problem in other parts of Asia. Chan's comments marked a significant departure from that of her predecessor, Gro Harlem Brundtland, who said in 2001 that North Korea's health system was near collapse.[25] The director-general's assessment was criticised, including in a Wall Street Journal editorial which called her statements "surreal." The editorial further stated, "Ms. Chan is either winking at the reality to maintain contact with the North or she allowed herself to be fooled."[26] Under Chan’s leadership, the WHO slashed its budget by nearly $1 billion and cut 300 jobs at its headquarters, because of financial constraints in donor countries.[27] Shortly after, the WHO was also accused of deferring to the Syrian government of President Bashar al-Assad when polio made a comeback in that country in late 2013.[28] In 2014 and 2015 Chan was again heavily criticised because of the slow response of the WHO to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa.[29][30] Other activitiesIn 2018, Chan joined the Task Force on Fiscal Policy for Health, a group convened by Michael R. Bloomberg and Lawrence H. Summers to address preventable leading causes of death and noncommunicable diseases through fiscal policy.[31] The same year, she was appointed to the Council of Advisors of the Boao Forum for Asia.[32] RecognitionIn 1997, Chan was given the distinction for the Fellowship of the Faculty of Public Health Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians of the United Kingdom and was also appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II.[33] In 2014, Chan was ranked as the 30th most powerful woman in the world, based on her position as Director-General, by Forbes. Her ranking increased from 33rd in 2013.[34] Personal lifeMargaret Chan is married to husband David Chan,[2] who is an ophthalmologist.[35] References1. ^1 {{cite news|title=From Hong Kong to Canada and back: the migrants who came home from home |author = Young, Ian |url = http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1247617/hk-vancouver-and-back-migrants-who-came-home-home |newspaper = South China Morning Post |date = 28 May 2013 |accessdate=25 July 2013}} 2. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://lfpress.ca/newsstand/News/Local/2006/10/13/2017113.html |title = Possible WHO head is Western grad |date=13 October 2006 |publisher = The London Free Press}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Complete curriculum vitae of Dr Margaret Chan|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|publisher=People's Republic of China|date=2005|url=http://margaretchan.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/jl/|location=Beijing, China|accessdate=22 November 2014}} 4. ^{{Cite web|title=Director-General: Dr Margaret Chan|url=http://www.who.int/dg/chan/en/index.html}} 5. ^{{cite web |url = http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/061108/health/health_who_chan_canada |title=University of Western Ontario delighted med school grad named WHO chief |author=Helen Branswell |date=8 November 2006 |publisher=Canadian Press}} 6. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/98/0130/cs1.html |title = The Flu Fighters |date = 30 January 1998 |publisher=Asia Week}} 7. ^{{cite web |url = http://edu.singtao.com/article/article_detail.asp?id=68 |title = Zero bird flu=zero live chicken? Dissecting central slaughtering (in Chinese) |date=6 September 2006 |publisher=Sing Tao Daily}} 8. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.takungpao.com/news/06/11/09/GW-648176.htm |title=Chan wins. Lead Health department for 10 years, slaughter chicken to stop bird flu (in Chinese)| date=9 November 2006 |publisher=Ta Kung Pao}} 9. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www.thestandard.com.hk/stdn/std/Front_Page/GG29Aa01.html |title=Swine virus fears mount |author=Matthew Lee |date=29 July 2005 |publisher=The Standard}} 10. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.atchinese.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24828&Itemid=110 |title = Margaret Chan "at the right time" (in Chinese) |date = 9 November 2006 |publisher = Asia Times Online}} 11. ^{{cite journal | last=Ku | first=Agnes S. | date= 2001 | title=The 'Public' up against the State: Narrative Cracks and Credibility Crisis in Postcolonial Hong Kong | journal=Theory, Culture & Society |volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages=133 | url= | accessdate= }} 12. ^{{cite web |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6128220.stm |title=Bird flu expert to lead WHO |date=6 November 2006 |publisher=BBC}} 13. ^{{cite web |author= Matthew Lee |url= http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=7058&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20040710&sear_year=2004 |title= Legco censures Chan over SARS |publisher= The Standard |date= 10 July 2004 |accessdate= 24 July 2008 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090503152953/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=7058&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20040710&sear_year=2004 |archivedate= 3 May 2009 |df= dmy-all }} 14. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr03-04/english/sc/sc_sars/reports/sars_rpt.htm |title = Report of the Select Committee to inquire into the handling of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome outbreak by the Government and the Hospital Authority |date=July 2004 |publisher=Legislative Council of Hong Kong}} 15. ^{{cite journal | last=Ma | first=Ngok |date= 2004 | title=SARS and the Limits of the Hong Kong SAR Administrative State | journal=Asian Perspective |volume= 28 | issue= 1 | pages=107 | url= | accessdate= }} 16. ^{{cite web |url = http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/7/653#R2 |title = Improving global health—Margaret Chan at the WHO. |author= Miriam Shuchman |date = 15 February 2007 |publisher=N Engl J Med}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=World Health Assembly elects Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus as new WHO Director-General|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/director-general-elect/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=25 May 2017|location=Geneva|date=23 May 2017}} 18. ^Dr Margaret Chan: Biography, WHO website 19. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=31500&sid=10799187&con_type=1 |title=Chan sets out goals for WHO |date=10 November 2006 |publisher=The Standard}} 20. ^Dr Margaret Chan nominated for a second term to be WHO Director-General, WHO web site 21. ^1 2 Dr Margaret Chan appointed to a second term as Director-General, WHO News Release, 23 May 2012 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36420|title=WHO Chief's Stand on Generic Drugs Slammed|last=|first=|date=2 February 2007|website=|publisher=IPS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313200531/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36420|archive-date=2007-03-13|dead-url=|access-date=}} 23. ^{{cite web |title = World looks for a better doctor |url = https://www.politico.eu/article/world-looks-for-a-better-doctor/ |website = POLITICO |accessdate = 2019-02-04}} 24. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g9Dd0A-A3n-V0UML31SPpJA-iZ4g|title=UN health chief praises N. Korean health system as 'envy'|last=|first=|date=30 April 2010|newspaper=AFP|accessdate=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505191132/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g9Dd0A-A3n-V0UML31SPpJA-iZ4g|archive-date=2010-05-05}} 25. ^{{cite news |title=North Korea has plenty of doctors: WHO |author=Jonathan Lynn |agency=Reuters |date=30 April 2010 |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE63T3TW20100430 }} 26. ^{{cite news |title=Health Care Paradise |author= |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=3 May 2010 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575221661454759110?KEYWORDS=margaret+chan+north+korea }} 27. ^Stephanie Nebehay and Barbara Lewis (May 19, 2011), [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-who/who-slashes-budget-jobs-in-new-era-of-austerity-idUSTRE74I5I320110519 WHO slashes budget, jobs in new era of austerity] Reuters. 28. ^Somini Sengupta (January 6, 2015), [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/07/world/leader-of-world-health-organization-defends-ebola-response.html Effort on Ebola Hurt W.H.O. Chief] New York Times. 29. ^{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/07/world/leader-of-world-health-organization-defends-ebola-response.html |title=Effort on Ebola Hurt W.H.O. Chief |author=Somini Sengupta |journal=New York Times |date=6 January 2015 |accessdate=20 January 2016}} 30. ^{{citation |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=2485361 |title=The Emerging Zika Pandemic: Enhancing Preparedness |author=Daniel R. Lucey, Lawrence O. Gostin |journal=JAMA |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0904}} 31. ^[https://www.bloomberg.org/press/releases/task-force-address-preventable-leading-causes-death-noncommunicable-diseases-fiscal-policy/ Michael R. Bloomberg and Lawrence H. Summers Create Task Force to Address Preventable Leading Causes of Death and Noncommunicable Diseases Through Fiscal Policy] Bloomberg Philanthropies, press release of January 18, 2018. 32. ^Council of Advisors Boao Forum for Asia. 33. ^Margaret Chan Professional Experience 34. ^{{cite web |title = The World's 100 Most Powerful Women |url = https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall |website = Forbes |publisher = Forbes |accessdate = 24 June 2014}} 35. ^{{cite web |author= Mary Ann Benitez |url= http://www.scmp.com/article/559541/husband-goes-too-says-margaret-chan |title=Husband goes too, says Margaret Chan |publisher = South China Morning Post |date= 8 August 2006 |accessdate=18 May 2017}} Further reading
External links{{wikiquote}}{{Commons category|Margaret Chan}}
|title = Director-General of the World Health Organization |years = 2007–2017 |before = Anders Nordström (Acting) |after = Tedros Adhanom }}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Chan, Margaret}} 15 : Hong Kong doctors|University of Western Ontario alumni|World Health Organization officials|Officers of the Order of the British Empire|1947 births|Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians|Living people|Chinese women physicians|Public health and safety in Hong Kong|Canadian public health doctors|National University of Singapore alumni|20th-century women scientists|21st-century women scientists|Chinese officials of the United Nations|Canadian officials of the United Nations |
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