| 词条 | Maria Martin |
| 释义 |
| name = Maria Martin Bachman | image = Maria-Martin.jpg | caption = Maria Martin | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1796|7|6}} | birth_place = Charleston, South Carolina | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1863|12|27|1796|7|6}} | death_place = Columbia, South Carolina | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | occupation = Naturalist, scientific illustrator | known_for = Scientific illustration of flora and insects, particularly for John James Audubon's Birds of America | signature = }}{{other people}} Early lifeMaria Martin Bachman was born July 6, 1796 in Charleston, South Carolina just two and half weeks after the “Great Fire of 1796” that destroyed many of the buildings and houses in the center of the city.[4] Martin was the youngest of the four surviving children (Eliza, Harriet, and Jane) born to Jacob and Rebecca Martin, well-to-do mantua makers that owned two houses with household slaves.[4] Raised in a Lutheran household, Maria Martin and her sisters were raised to be “God fearing, responsible adults”[4] and trained “in the liberal arts and honourable manners”.[4] Martin’s mother Rebecca Martin had learned from her second marriage that her husband could easily take legal ownership of her property and finances.[4] To avoid losing her property to a future husband, Rebecca had a “Marriage Settlement” drawn before marrying Jacob Martin, her third husband.[4] When Martin was 17 years old her father Jacob left the family to relocate to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with his mistress. Her mother’s foresight allowed Rebecca to retain ownership of her houses and four slaves when her husband left.[4] CareerMartin accompanied her brother-in-law, John Bachman, on several field excursions, including one trip to Niagara Falls, and learned how to make scientific descriptions and drawings of plants and animals.[6][7] In the 1830's Audubon was a guest at the Bachman household during a trip to study bird species in the South. During his stay, Audubon encouraged Martin in her drawing and tutored her in natural illustration.[8] After realizing Martin's artistic talent, Audubon supplied her with paint brushes and other art materials, and advice on how to use them to develop her talents.[15] He spoke highly of her work in letters to John Bachman, stating in one letter "Miss Martin, with her superior talents, assists us greatly in the way of drawing; the insects she has drawn are, perhaps, the best I've seen."[15] Audubon went on to ask Martin to assist with paintings for his definitive book The Birds of America. Over the course of five years, Martin assisted on volumes 2 and 4 the book. She was not paid for this work.[9] Audubon credited Martin with nine illustrations, but it is thought that she contributed to at least 30.[10] Martin also provided illustrations to John Edwards Holbrook for publication in his work North American Herpetology. Martin also assisted John Bachman in editing The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, a collaboration between Bachman and Audubon, and later Audubon's son John Woodhouse Audubon.[11][12] The importance of her contribution to Quadrupeds is discussed in a letter from John Bachman to John J. Audubon, saying Martin "knocks to the right and left with your articles and mine--lops off, corrects, criticizes, abuses and praises by turn" and "she does wonders".[12] John J. Audubon named a variety of the hairy woodpecker (Picus martinae) Maria's Woodpecker, in Martin's honor.[6] Personal lifeIn 1845, Martin moved into Reverend John and Harriet Bachman’s house to help her sister Harriet raise her nine surviving children. Harriet was weakened emotionally and physically from consumption and the 14 pregnancies she brought to term between 1816 and 1832. Martin was placed in charge of overseeing the religious and moral education of her nieces and nephews. Martin dedicated her life to the Bachman family ensuring the household maintained order while her sister remained bedridden and dying from consumption.[4] Two years after Martin joined the Bachman family, Harriet died and left Martin the de facto matriarch of the household. Within two years of living as aunt to the children and sister-in-law to Reverend Bachman, Martin drafted her own marriage settlement and married her brother-in-law Reverend John Bachman whom she remained dedicated wife and business partner throughout her life. She left Charleston for Columbia, South Carolina in 1861 due to the Civil War, and remained there until her death in 1863.[4] ExhibitionsNew-York Historical Society Museum & LibraryAudubon’s Aviary: The Complete Flock is an exhibition at the New-York Historical Society featuring all 435 of Audubon's Birds of America prints.[13] The website released an article titled "Meet Audubon’s Assistant Painter: Maria Martin Bachman", acknowledging Maria Martin's contributions to the work.[14] The article states that Audubon acknowledged Martin's contributions to nine of the Birds of America prints, but it is thought she collaborated on over 30 of the prints.[15]The Charleston MuseumMartin is highlighted in the Charleston Museum's exhibition Preserving Nature's Beauty: The Art of Herbaria.[16] This exhibition displays some Audubon double-elephant-folio prints, as well as her personal work that was not included in Birds of America. The website acknowledges Martin as being known for her paintings of the detailed natural habitats in Audubon's works, as well as her "combination of scientific accuracy and artistic judgement."[17] The exhibition runs from September 14, 2018 to June 23, 2019 in the Charleston Museum lobby.[18] GalleryReferences1. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=James|editor1-first=Edward T.|title=Notable American Women, 1607–1950 : A Biographical Dictionary|date=1974|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=0674627342|page=505}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Martha J.|title=American Women in Science:A Biographical Dictionary|year=1994|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|isbn=0-87436-740-9}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sierracollege.edu/ejournals/jscnhm/v6n1/martin.html|title=Maria Martin (1796-1863)|website=www.sierracollege.edu|access-date=2019-03-02}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/973481417|title=Maria Martin's world : art & science, faith & family in Audubon's America|last=Debra,|first=Lindsay,|isbn=9780817319519|location=Tuscaloosa|oclc=973481417}} 5. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35765792#page/190/mode/1up|title=North American herpetology, or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States /|first1=Holbrook, John|last1=Edwards,|first2=Cichowski,|last2=S.,|first3=Duval, Peter|last3=S|first4=Duval, Peter|last4=S.,|first5=Sera,|last5=J.,|first6=Lehman & Duval|last6=Lithrs,|date=30 September 2018|website=biodiversitylibrary.org|volume=v.2 (1838)}} 6. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/martin-maria/|title=Martin, Maria - South Carolina Encyclopedia|work=South Carolina Encyclopedia|access-date=2017-10-21|language=en-US}} 7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMCfxwyMp0kC&pg=PA230&dq=%22maria+martin%22+bachman&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCu9PvxYLXAhVG4SYKHQR3ADsQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22maria%20martin%22%20bachman&f=false|title=Had I the Wings: The Friendship of Bachman and Audubon|last=Shuler|first=Jay|date=1995|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=9780820317052|language=en}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kohlstedt|first=Sally Gregory|date=1984|editor-last=Arnold|editor-first=Lois Barber|title=Scientific Educations|jstor=1692836|journal=Science|volume=224|issue=4650|pages=728–729|doi=10.2307/1692836}} 9. ^{{Cite book|title=American Women Artists|last=Rubinstein|first=Charlotte Streifer|publisher=G.K. Hall & Co|year=1982|isbn=|location=Boston MA|pages=67}} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=http://behindthescenes.nyhistory.org/meet-audubons-assistant/|title=Meet Audubon’s Assistant Painter: Maria Martin Bachman {{!}} Behind The Scenes|date=2015-04-10|work=Behind The Scenes|access-date=2017-10-21|language=en-US}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://johnjames.audubon.org/what-viviparous-quadrupeds-north-america|title=What is "The Viviparous Quadrupeds Of North America”|date=2015-12-22|website=John James Audubon Center at Mill Grove|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|title=Audubon's Butterflies, Moths, and Other Studies|last=Ford|first=Alice|publisher=Studio Publications in association with Crowell|year=1952|isbn=|location=|pages=82|asin=B0007DKCUS}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyhistory.org/exhibitions/audubons-aviary-final-flight-part-iii-complete-flock|title=Audubon’s Aviary: The Final Flight (Part III of The Complete Flock)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Van Nostrand|first=J. S.|last2=Bachman|first2=J. H.|date=1942-12-01|title=Audubon's Ill-Fated Western Journey: Recalled by the Diary of J. H. Bachman|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25161021|journal=California History|volume=21|issue=4|pages=289–310|doi=10.2307/25161021|issn=0162-2897}} 15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Van Nostrand|first=J. S.|last2=Bachman|first2=J. H.|date=1942-12-01|title=Audubon's Ill-Fated Western Journey: Recalled by the Diary of J. H. Bachman|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25161021|journal=California History|volume=21|issue=4|pages=289–310|doi=10.2307/25161021|issn=0162-2897}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.charlestonmuseum.org/exhibits/current/39/preserving-natures-beauty|title=Preserving Natures' Beauty Exhibit {{!}} Charleston Museum {{!}} Charleston, SC|website=www.charlestonmuseum.org|access-date=2019-03-02}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.charlestonmuseum.org/exhibits/current/39/preserving-natures-beauty|title=Preserving Natures' Beauty Exhibit {{!}} Charleston Museum {{!}} Charleston, SC|website=www.charlestonmuseum.org|access-date=2019-03-02}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.charlestonmuseum.org/exhibits/current/39/preserving-natures-beauty|title=Preserving Natures' Beauty Exhibit {{!}} Charleston Museum {{!}} Charleston, SC|website=www.charlestonmuseum.org|access-date=2019-03-02}}
Further reading
6 : American women illustrators|1796 births|1863 deaths|Artists from Charleston, South Carolina|American watercolorists|Women watercolorists |
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