| 词条 | Maria Michał Kowalski |
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = | name = Maria Michał Kowalski | honorific-suffix = | title = Archbishop | image = Jan Kowalski-arcybiskup (1926-27).jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | church = Old Catholic Church of the Mariavites | archdiocese = | see = | elected = | term = 1909–1935 | quashed = | predecessor = | successor = Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska | opposed = | other_post = {{Format date|1929|12|29|df=y}} in Old Catholic Mariavite Church Continued in Catholic Mariavite Church | ordination = | ordained_by = | consecration = {{Format date|1909|10|05|df=y}} | consecrated_by = Gerardus Gul | birth_name = Jan Kowalski | birth_date = {{Birth date|1871|12|25}}{{efn|name=DOB|{{harvtxt|Peterkiewicz|1975|pp=21–22}} notes that biographical articles also give both 26 and 27 December as birth dates.}} | birth_place = Latowicz, Vistula Land, Russian Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|1942|05|18|1871|12|25}} | death_place = Hartheim Euthanasia Centre, Alkoven, Ostmark (Austria) | buried = unknown | nationality = | religion = Roman Catholic (1871–1906{{efn|He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church in 1906.{{sfn|Peterkiewicz|1975|p=37}}}}) Mariavite (1906–1942{{efn|Mariavite was recognized as a sect in 1906.{{sfn|Peterkiewicz|1975|p=37}}}}) | residence = | parents = | spouse = Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska{{sfnm|Peterkiewicz|1975|1p=|Collinson|1994|2p=145|2ps=: "the first of Kowalski's women and regarded by the law as his wife"}} | children= Michael{{sfn|Peterkiewicz|1975|pp=148, 190}} | occupation = | profession = | education = | alma_mater = | motto = | signature = | signature_alt = | coat_of_arms= | coat_of_arms_alt = | feast_day = | venerated = Catholic Mariavite Church | saint_title = | canonized_date = 1942 | canonized_place = | canonized_by = popular acclaim | attributes = | patronage = | shrine = Felicjanów, Płock County, Poland | module = | other = }}{{Ordination | name = | ordained deacon by = | date of diaconal ordination = | place of diaconal ordination = | ordained priest by = | date of priestly ordination = {{Format date||||df=y}} | place of priestly ordination = | consecrated by = Gerardus Gul | co-consecrators = {{illm|Jacobus Johannes van Thiel|de|Jacobus Johannes van Thiel|pl|Jakub van Thiel}} {{illm|Nicolaus Bartholomeus Petrus Spit|de|Nicolaus Bartholomeus Petrus Spit|pl|Mikołaj Spit}} {{illm|Josef Demmel|de|Josef Demmel|pl|Josef Demmel}} Arnold Harris Mathew | date of consecration = {{Format date|1909|10|05|df=y}} | place of consecration = Utrecht, Netherlands | elevated by = | date of elevation = | sources = {{refn|{{harvtxt|Peterkiewicz|1975|pp=39, 142, 224}}; {{harvtxt|Rybak|n.d.|pp=107–108, 110}} and {{harvtxt|KSM|"Biskupi Mariawiccy"}} only includes consecrations by Kowalski prior to the January 1935 deposition of Kowalski.}} | alternate name = Kowalski | bishop 1 = {{illm|Maria Andrzej Gołębiowski|pl}} | consecration date 1 = {{Format date|1910|09|04|df=y}}{{efn|name=1910consecration|Co-consecrated with Old Catholic bishops.{{sfn|Peterkiewicz|1975|p=41}}}} | bishop 2 = {{illm|Maria Jakub Próchniewski|pl}} | consecration date 2 = {{Format date|1910|09|04|df=y}}{{efn|name=1910consecration}} | bishop 3 = {{illm|Maria Franciszek Rostworowski|pl}} | consecration date 3 = {{Format date|1923|10|04}} | bishop 4 = {{illm|Maria Bartłomiej Przysiecki|pl}} | consecration date 4 = {{Format date|1929|03|28|df=y}} | bishop 5 = {{illm|Maria Filip Feldman|pl}} | consecration date 5 = {{Format date|1929|03|28|df=y}} | bishop 6 = Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska | consecration date 6 = {{Format date|1929|03|28|df=y}}{{efn|{{harvtxt|KSM|"Biskupi Mariawiccy"}} does not include this consecration.}} | bishop 7 = {{illm|Maria Szymon Bucholc|pl}} | consecration date 7 = {{Format date|1933|04|13|df=y}} | bishop 8 = {{illm|Maria Tytus Siedlecki|pl}} | consecration date 8 = {{Format date|1935|05||df=y}}{{citation needed|reason=Peterkiewicz (1975, p. 170) contradicts this consecration.|date=December 2015}}{{efn|{{harvtxt|Peterkiewicz|1975|p=170}} contradicts this and states Siedlecki was "consecrated by the bishopesses alone" at that time.}} | bishop 9 = {{illm|Marie Marc Fatôme|pl}} | consecration date 9 = {{Format date|1938|09||df=y}} | bishop 10 = {{illm|Maria Feliks Tułaba|pl}} | consecration date 10 = {{Format date|1939|||df=y}}{{citation needed|reason=Peterkiewicz (1975) does not include this consecration.|date=December 2015}}{{efn|{{harvtxt|Peterkiewicz|1975}} does not include this consecration.}} }} Jan Maria Michał Kowalski ({{Format date|1871|12|25|df=y}}{{spaced ndash}} {{Format date|1942|05|18|df=y}}{{sfnm|Peterkiewicz|1975|1p=183|KSM|"Biskupi Mariawiccy"}}{{efn|name=DOB}}) was a Polish priest, the first Minister General of the order of the Mariavites. Early lifeHe came from a farming family in Latowicz, the son of Jan and Katarzyna Sitek Kowalski. He studied at the Warsaw seminary and was ordained a Roman Catholic priest on April 24, 1897, by Auxiliary Bishop of Mogilev, Francis Symon. Kowalski served in parishes in Lodz, Niesułków and Stara Sobotka. In 1900, he became a vicar at the Church of the Capuchins in Warsaw. MariaviteAfter a former seminary colleague introduced him to the Mariavite movement, he became a close collaborator of the foundress Feliksa Kozłowska. At the time of his selection, he was the most important person in the Christian movement. He was consecrated bishop in 1909 by the Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches Gerardus Gul, archbishop of the Old Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht. In 1919, the Mariavites officially changed their name to the Old Catholic Church of the Mariavites. Kowalski later called himself an archbishop. DeathKowalski was killed, at 70, during World War II at the Nazi Hartheim Euthanasia Centre in Alkoven, Ostmark (Austria). He was one of the victims of the Nazi war criminal Karl Brandt, who led the euthanasia Action 14f13.{{efn|{{harvtxt|Peterkiewicz|1975|p=183}} stated he was gassed on 18 May 1942.}} Successors{{further|Catholic Church of the Mariavites|Old Catholic Mariavite Church}}Kowalski was deposed on 29 January 1935 by the General Chapter of the Old Catholic Mariavite Church in Płock; his successor in the Old Catholic Mariavite Church was {{illm|Maria Filip Feldman|pl}}.{{sfn|Peterkiewicz|1975|pp=166–167}} When Kowalski was deposed, a faction of his followers separated from the Old Catholic Mariavite Church and became the Catholic Mariavite Church in Felicjanów. His successor in the Catholic Mariavite Church was his wife, Archpriestess Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska. Notes{{notelist}}CitationsReferences{{Refbegin}}
External links
8 : 1871 births|1942 deaths|Mariavite Church|20th-century bishops|Bishops of Independent Catholic denominations|Polish Old Catholic bishops|People excommunicated by the Catholic Church|Action T4 victims |
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