| 词条 | Marianne Grunberg-Manago |
| 释义 |
|name =Marianne Grunberg-Manago |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|01|6}} |birth_place = Saint Petersburg, former Soviet Union |death_date = {{death date and age|2013|01|03|1921|01|06}} |death_place = Paris, France |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = French |ethnicity = |field = Biochemistry |work_institutions = |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }} Marianne Grunberg-Manago (January 6, 1921 – January 3, 2013) was a Soviet-born French biochemist. Her work helped make possible key discoveries about the nature of the genetic code. Early lifeGrunberg-Manago was born into a family of artists who adhered to the teachings of the Swiss educational reformer Johann Pestalozzi. When she was 9 months old, Grunberg-Manago's parents emigrated from the Soviet Union to France. Education and ResearchGrunberg-Manago studied biochemistry and, in 1955, while working in the lab of Spanish-America biochemist Severo Ochoa,[1] she discovered the first nucleic-acid-synthesizing enzyme.[2] Initially, everyone thought the new enzyme was an RNA polymerase used by E. coli cells to make long chains of RNA from separate nucleotides.[3] But although the new enzyme could link a few nucleotides together, the reaction was highly reversible and it later became clear that the enzyme, polynucleotide phosphorylase, usually catalyzes the breakdown of RNA, not its synthesis.[4] Nonetheless, the enzyme was extraordinarily useful and important. Almost immediately, Marshall Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei put it to use to form the first three-nucleotide RNA codons, which coded for the amino acid phenylalanine. This first step in cracking the genetic code entirely depended on the availability of Grunberg-Manago’s enzyme. In 1959, Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the synthesis of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA." She was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978[5] and a Foreign Associate Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1982.[6] Grunberg-Manago was the first woman to direct the International Union of Biochemistry, and she was also the first woman to preside the French Academy of Sciences from 1995 to 1996.[7] Later life and deathLate in her career, Grunberg-Manago was named emeritus director of research at CNRS, France’s National Center for Scientific Research.[7] Grunberg-Manago died in January, 2013, three days before her 92nd birthday.[8] Awards and nominations
References1. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Grunberg-Manago | first1 = M. | authorlink = Marianne Grunberg-Manago| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1997.0020 | title = Severo Ochoa. 24 September 1905--1 November 1993: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1965 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 43 | pages = 351–365| year = 1997 | pmid = | pmc = | title-link = Severo Ochoa }} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Grunberg-Manago, Marianne}}2. ^{{cite journal|last=Grunberg-Manago|first=Marianne|author2=Ortiz, P |author3=Ochoa, S |title=Enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides. I. Polynucleotide phosphorylase of Azotobacter vinelandii.|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta|date=April 1956|volume=20|issue=1|pages=269–85|pmid=13315374|doi=10.1016/0006-3002(56)90286-4}} 3. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Grunberg-Manago | first1 = M. | last2 = Oritz | first2 = P. J. | last3 = Ochoa | first3 = S. | title = Enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acidlike polynucleotides | journal = Science | volume = 122 | issue = 3176 | pages = 907–910 | year = 1955 | pmid = 13274047 | doi=10.1126/science.122.3176.907| bibcode = 1955Sci...122..907G }} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Symmons|first=Martyn F.|last2=Jones|first2=George H.|last3=Luisi|first3=Ben F.|date=2000-11-15|title=A Duplicated Fold Is the Structural Basis for Polynucleotide Phosphorylase Catalytic Activity, Processivity, and Regulation|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969212600005219|journal=Structure|volume=8|issue=11|pages=1215–1226|doi=10.1016/S0969-2126(00)00521-9}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter Gurl=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterG.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Marianne Grunberg-Manago|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/46645.html|website=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=July 30, 2014}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.academie-sciences.fr/academie/membre/GrunbergManagoM_bio0210.pdf|title=Biography of Marianne Grunberg-Manago|date=February 22, 2010|publisher=French Academy of Sciences|language=French|accessdate=9 January 2013}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 8. ^"L'Académie des sciences a le regret de faire part du décès de Marianne Grunberg-Manago survenu à Paris le 3 janvier 2013." {{cite news|url=http://www.academie-sciences.fr/index.htm |title=Le 3 janvier, décès de Marianne Grunberg-Manago |date=January 2013 |publisher=French Academy of Sciences |language=French |accessdate=9 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220003439/http://www.academie-sciences.fr/index.htm |archivedate=20 February 2013 |df= }} 11 : 1921 births|2013 deaths|French biochemists|Officers of the French Academy of Sciences|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|French women scientists|Women biochemists|20th-century women scientists|20th-century American scientists |
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