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词条 Deal, Kent
释义

  1. History

     Maritime history  Boatmen  Naval and Military  The Navy Yard  The barracks  Lifeboats  Piers  Museums 

  2. Notable references

     In fiction 

  3. Local media

     Newspapers  Radio 

  4. Sport and leisure

  5. Twin towns

  6. Notable people

     Actors  Musicians  Writers 

  7. Climate

  8. References

  9. Sources

  10. External links

{{distinguish|Seal, Kent}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2011}}{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|static_image_name = Deal seafront.jpg
|static_image_caption = Deal seafront
|official_name = Deal
|coordinates = {{coord|51.2226|1.4006|display=inline,title}}
|label_position = top
|population = 30,085
|population_ref = (2011 census Deal Urban Area)
|shire_district = Dover
|shire_county = Kent
|region = South East England
|constituency_westminster = Dover
|post_town = DEAL
|postcode_district = CT14
|postcode_area = CT
|dial_code = 01304
|os_grid_reference = TR375525
|london_distance = 83.9mi
}}

Deal is a town in Kent, England, which lies on the border of the North Sea and the English Channel, eight miles north-east of Dover and eight miles south of Ramsgate. It is a former fishing, mining and garrison town. Close to Deal is Walmer, a possible location for Julius Caesar's first arrival in Britain.

Deal became a 'limb port' of the Cinque Ports in 1278 and grew into the busiest port in England; today it is a seaside resort, its quaint streets and houses are a reminder of its history along with many ancient buildings and monuments. In 1968, Middle Street was the first Conservation Area in Kent.[1] The coast of France is approximately twenty-five miles from the town and is visible on clear days. The Tudor Deal Castle, commissioned by King Henry VIII, has a rose floor plan.

History

Deal is first mentioned as a village in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Addelam. It is referred to as Dela in 1158, and Dale in 1275. The name is the Old English dael meaning 'valley', cognate with the modern English 'dale'.[2] Deal developed into a port by the end of the 13th century. In 1495 the town was the site of an attempted landing by the pretender to the English throne Perkin Warbeck. His supporters were driven off by locals loyal to Henry VII at the Battle of Deal, fought on the beach. Sandown, Deal and Walmer castles were constructed around the town by Henry VIII to protect against foreign naval attack. In 1861 a Royal Marines Depot was established in the town.

Maritime history

The proximity of Deal's shoreline to the notorious Goodwin Sands has made its coastal waters a source of both shelter and danger through the history of sea travel in British waters. The Downs, the water between the town and the sands, provides a naturally sheltered anchorage. This meant that, despite the absence of a harbour, the town became a significant port (both for merchant ships and for the Royal Navy) with transit of goods and people from ship to shore conducted using smaller tender craft. Deal was, for example, visited by Nelson and was the first English soil on which James Cook set foot in 1771 on returning from his first voyage to Australia. The anchorage is still used today by international and regional shipping, though on a scale far smaller than in former times (some historical accounts report hundreds of ships being visible from the beach).

In 1672, a small Naval Yard was established at Deal, providing stores and minor repair facilities.[3] On the site of the yard there is now a building originally used as a semaphore tower linked to London, and later used as a coastguard house, then as a timeball tower, which remains today as a museum of time and communication.

The Deal Maritime and Local History Museum is housed in an historic complex of light-industrial buildings in St George's Road, dating from 1803. It contains a series of displays and artefacts, narrating the town's maritime, industrial, domestic and leisure history.[4]

Boatmen

By the time Dickens came to Deal it had been largely forgotten how the government of 1784, under Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, ensured that the Deal boats were all set ablaze, suspecting some of the Deal luggers of being engaged in smuggling. Pitt had awaited an opportunity that January, when the boats were all 'hoved up' on the beach on account of bad weather, to send a regiment of soldiers to smash and burn them. A naval cutter was positioned offshore to prevent any of the boatmen escaping.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}

The boatmen's ancestors had the right, under charter, freely to import goods in return for their services as Cinque Port men in providing what had been long recognised as the sole naval defence of the realm. These men continued to risk their lives and their boats, in saving the lives of shipwreck victims. The irrepressible spirit of the Deal boatmen remained undaunted by these events throughout the Napoleonic Wars, and they continued to assert their hard-earned right to trade. From these activities news of the events unfolding in France would reach England quickly and regularly, with about 400 men making a living off Deal beach at that time. The war only made the boatmen’s efforts more profitable, so that afterwards the Government immediately turned a part of its naval blockade into a coastal blockade, which lasted from 1818 to 1831.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Naval and Military

The Navy Yard

A Naval storehouse was built in Deal in 1672, providing for ships anchored in the Downs. In time, the establishment grew to cover some five acres of land, to the north of the castle. There was also a Victualling Yard on site. In contrast to other naval yards, there was no place for ships to dock alongside at Deal, so instead a number of small supply boats were maintained at the yard; these would be launched from the shingle beach, carrying supplies, provisions, personnel or equipment as required. The Yard closed in 1864.[5]

The barracks

The Royal Marines Depot, Deal were constructed shortly after the outbreak of the French Revolution. They originally consisted of adjacent cavalry and infantry barracks (later known as South Barracks), alongside which were separate hospitals for the Army and Navy. In due course the hospitals were also turned into barracks (known as North Barracks and East Barracks respectively). From 1861 the complex served as a sizeable Depot for the Royal Marines; latterly it was known in particular for the Royal Marines School of Music, which had moved there in 1930.[6]

Lifeboats

{{Main|Walmer and Deal lifeboats}}

Piers

The seafront at Deal has been adorned with three separate piers in the town's history. The first, built in 1838, was designed by Sir John Rennie. After its wooden structure was destroyed in an 1857 gale, it was replaced by an iron pier in 1864. A popular pleasure pier, it survived until the Second World War, when it was struck and severely damaged by a mined Dutch ship, the Nora, in January 1940. This was not the first time the pier had been hit by shipping, with previous impacts in 1873 and 1884 necessitating extensive repairs.

The present pier, designed by Sir W. Halcrow & Partners, was opened on 19 November 1957 by the Duke of Edinburgh. Constructed predominantly from concrete-clad steel, it is 1026 ft (311 m) in length (a notice announces that it is the same length as the RMS Titanic, but that ship was just 882 feet in length), and ends in a three-tiered pier-head, featuring a cafe, bar, lounge, and fishing decks. The lowest of the three tiers is underwater at all but the lowest part of the tidal range, and has become disused. The pier is a popular sport fishing venue.

Deal's current pier is the last remaining fully intact leisure pier in Kent and is a Grade II listed building.[7] Its structure was extensively refurbished and repaired in 1997, with work including the replacement of much of the concrete cladding on the pier's main piles. Work began in April 2008 to construct a new pier-head with a modern restaurant, with the restaurant opened in December 2008.

Museums

Deal has several museums; most are related to Deal's maritime history. Both Deal Castle and Walmer Castle are operated by English Heritage - Deal has a display on the events in the reign of Henry VIII that led to the invasion threat which caused its construction, along with some material on its subsequent history, whereas displays at Walmer concentrate on Walmer's post-Tudor role as the Lord Warden's residence. There is also a ruin of the third Tudor castle, Sandown Castle, in North Deal. The Deal Maritime and Local History Museum has exhibits of boats, smuggler galleys and model naval ships. It also contains extensive histories of the lifeboats as well as local parish registers. The Timeball Tower Museum, on the other hand, focuses on the importance of timekeeping for ships, and the role the building it occupies played.

Notable references

Diarist Samuel Pepys recorded several visits to the town, being moved on 30 April 1660 to describe it as "pitiful".[8]

Deal was notorious in the 17th century as a location for smugglers and the author Daniel Defoe wrote of the town:

{{cquote|If I had any satire left to write,
Could I with suited spleen indite,
My verse should blast that fatal town,
And drown’d sailors’ widows pull it down;
No footsteps of it should appear,
And ships no more cast anchor there.
The barbarous hated name of Deal shou’d die,
Or be a term of infamy;
And till that’s done, the town will stand
A just reproach to all the land}}

William Cobbett passing through in September 1823 noted in his book Rural Rides: {{cquote|Deal is a most villainous place. It is full of filthy-looking people. Great desolation of abomination has been going on here; tremendous barracks, partly pulled down and partly tumbling down, and partly occupied by soldiers. Everything seems upon the perish. I was glad to hurry along through it, and to leave its inns and public-houses to be occupied by the tarred, and trowsered, and blue and buff crew whose very vicinage I always detest.}}

In fiction

Dickens, who had visited the town, had Richard Carstone garrisoned here in Bleak House,[9] so that Woodcourt and Esther's paths can cross when Woodcourt's ship happens to anchor in the Downs at the same time as Esther and Charley are visiting Richard:

{{cquote|At last we came into the narrow streets of Deal, and very gloomy they were upon a raw misty morning. The long flat beach, with its little irregular houses, wooden and brick, and its litter of capstans, and great boats, and sheds, and bare upright poles with tackle and blocks, and loose gravelly waste places overgrown with grass and weeds, wore as dull an appearance as any place I ever saw.}}

Deal is the setting for local novelist George Chittenden's smuggling saga, which is set in the late 18th century when the town was a haven for criminal gangs smuggling contraband across the English Channel. In Chittenden's debut The Boy Who Led Them a child rises through the ranks to control the biggest smuggling gang on the Kent coast, fighting wars with rival gangs and revenue men at every turn.[10]

In Chittenden's next book The Boy Who Felt No Pain he takes the reader on a journey back to the dangerous coastal town of Deal, fleshing out the back story of main characters from the first novel whilst also raising some interesting new questions.[11]

In Jane Austen's Persuasion,[12] the town is mentioned as the only place where Admiral Croft's wife Sophia Croft was ever ill, as it was the only place she was ever separated from him, whilst he was patrolling the North Sea.

  • A renamed Deal served as the setting for the William Horwood book The Boy With No Shoes.[13] It is also the setting for part of his earlier novel The Stonor Eagles.
  • It is the (renamed) setting of Frances Fyfield's crime novel Undercurrents.[14]
  • It is the setting for David Donachie's book A Hanging Matter, a murder and nautical mystery.[15]
  • North & South Deal were swapped round in the semi-autobiographical novel The Pier by Rayner Heppenstall.
  • Deal features briefly in H. G. Wells The War of the Worlds.
  • Deal is mentioned as the destination for a Marine recruit from Edinburgh in the novel Guns of Evening by Ronald Bassett. "What's Deal?" the recruit replies having never heard of it.
  • Deal is the setting for Ian Fleming's 1955 James Bond book Moonraker. Villain Hugo Drax has built his Moonraker rocket just outside Deal, where Bond has to go and investigate a murdered undercover operative.
  • Characters in the Aubrey-Maturin novels of Patrick O'Brian frequently stay in Deal waiting for their ship to be ordered to sea.
  • Horatio Hornblower (in The Commodore, by C. S. Forester) departs from Deal on his voyage to the Baltic.
  • Deal features in Anthony Horowitz's 2017 crime thriller The Word Is Murder.

Local media

Newspapers

Deal has one paid for newspaper, the East Kent Mercury, published by the KM Group.

Radio

The local radio station for Deal is KMFM Shepway and White Cliffs Country. Deal is also served by the county-wide stations Heart, Gold and BBC Radio Kent. Deal Radio[16] is an online radio station with news, music, interviews and information on upcoming activities at The Astor Community Theatre.

Sport and leisure

Deal has a Non-League football club Deal Town F.C., which plays at The Charles Sports Ground.

The Rugby Club, Deal & Betteshanger Lions plays at the old RM Drill Field off Canada Rd.

There is a Farmer’s Market on Wednesday which sells local produce, as well as a long-running market on Saturday.

The town has an independent retail sector in the North End of Deal High Street, and a number of chains on the High Street, though there are some retail voids.

The Astor Theatre in Deal offers musical performances, live theatre, exhibitions, movies, classes and clubs, and more.

Deal used to have two cinemas up until 1981, but these finally closed in 1984 with the closure of the Cannon Classic in Queen Street and although a small cinema re-appeared in the former Cannon Classic Cinema building, that too closed in 2007. Deal's former bingo hall the Regent, another art deco cinema building, closed in 2008 and was sold by the local council to reopen as a cinema or arts space. As of April 2018, the building remains shuttered with no plans submitted for its regeneration.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

Twin towns

  • {{flagicon|France}} - Saint-Omer, France
  • {{flagicon|Netherlands}} - Vlissingen, Netherlands

Notable people

  • Admiral Sir John Harvey KCB (1772 in Eastry – 1837 in Upper Deal) was an officer of the British Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
  • Antonio Blitz (born in Deal 1810 - 1877)[17] magician, who worked mainly in Europe and the United States.
  • John Hulke FRCS FRS FGS (1830 in Deal – 1895)[18] surgeon, geologist and fossil collector and son of a physician in Deal
  • Edward Millen (1860 in Deal – 1923)[19] an Australian journalist and politician who served as the first Minister for Repatriation
  • Alan Patterson (1886 in Deal – 1916) track and field athlete,[20] competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London and at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.
  • Captain John William Pinder DFC (1898 in Deal – 1920)[21] was a British First World War flying ace
  • Carole White (born in Deal 1950)[22] former model, and co-founder of Premier Model Management. White was born in Deal but raised in Ghana
  • James Arbuthnot, Baron Arbuthnot of Edrom PC (born in Deal 1952)[23] Conservative Party politician, last served as MP for North East Hampshire from 1997 to 2015[24]
  • Linda Ann Martin (born 1954 in Deal) fencer,[25] competed in the women's individual and team foil events at the 1980, 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics

Actors

  • Charles Hawtrey (1914 – 1988)[26] comedy actor and musician. Hawtrey moved to Deal in 1968 and lived at 117 Middle Street.
  • Sir Norman Joseph Wisdom OBE (1915 – 2010)[27] actor, comedian, and singer-songwriter; lived for a period in a children's home in Deal, but ran away when he was 11
  • Bruce Montague (born 1939 in Deal)[28] actor, best known for his role as Leonard Dunn in the television sitcom Butterflies
  • Richard Cant (born in Dartford in 1964)[29] actor, best known for his roles in the ITV1 television series Midsomer Murders
  • Neil Stuke (born 1966 in Dover)[30] actor best known for his role of Matthew in the TV sitcom Game On and more recently for playing Billy Lamb in the BBC legal drama Silk
  • Jack Scanlon (born 1998)[31] actor and musician, best known for his role in the Holocaust film The Boy in the Striped Pajamas (2008). Lives in Deal with his parents and younger brother

Musicians

  • Edward Francis Fitzwilliam (1824 in Deal – 1857)[32] composer and music director.
  • John Ireland (1879 – 1962)[33] was an English composer and teacher of classical music, lived at Comarques, 122, High Street, Deal from 1936-1939[34]
  • Dick Morrissey (1940 – 2000 in Deal)[35] jazz musician and composer. He played the tenor sax, soprano sax and flute.
  • Adrian Brett (born Deal in 1945) is a British flautist.[36] His album, Echoes of Gold appeared in the Top 20 of the UK Albums Chart

Writers

  • Elizabeth Carter (1717 in Deal – 1806)[37] poet, classicist, writer and translator, and a member of the Bluestocking Circle around Elizabeth Montagu
  • Stephen Phillips (1864 – 1915 in Deal) poet and dramatist, who enjoyed considerable popularity early in his career. Lodged & died in Deal[38]
  • Nathaniel Gubbins (1893–1976) journalist and humourist,[38] lived at 109 Beach Street from 1947-1958, known as ‘The Wars Leading Humorist’
  • Elizabeth Bartlett (1924 in Deal – 2008)[39] poet
  • William Horwood (born 1944) novelist,[40] he grew up on the East Kent coast, primarily in Deal
  • Sean Gabb (born 1960 in Chatham)[41] writer, lecturer and broadcaster, lives in Deal. He was the Director of the Libertarian Alliance from 2006 to 2017

Climate

The nearest UK Met Office weather station is in Langdon Bay. Deal has a temperate maritime climate, with comfortable summers and cold winters. The temperature is usually between {{convert|3|C|F}} and {{convert|21.1|C|F}}, but the all-time temperature range is between {{convert|-8|C|F}} and {{convert|31|C|F}}. There is evidence that the sea is coldest in February; the warmest recorded February temperature was only {{convert|13|C|F}}, compared with {{convert|16|C|F}} in January.[42]

[43]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dover.gov.uk/conservation/conservation_areas/deal_middle_street.aspx|title=Deal Middle Street|work=dover.gov.uk|accessdate=24 September 2015}}
2. ^Eilert Ekwall, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names, p.140.
3. ^{{cite book|last1=Lavery|first1=Brian|title=Nelson's Navy|date=1989|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Museum website|url=http://www.dealmuseum.co.uk}}
5. ^{{cite book|last1=Coad|first1=Jonathan|title=Support for the Fleet|date=2013|publisher=English Heritage|location=Swindon}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.walmerweb.co.uk/history/history-marines.html|title=WalmerWeb: Local History - The Royal Marines|work=walmerweb.co.uk|accessdate=24 September 2015}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.piers.org.uk/?s=Deal+Pier|title=Deal Pier - National Piers Society|work=piers.org.uk|accessdate=28 September 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1660/04/30/index.php|title=Monday 30 April 1660|work=The Diary of Samuel Pepys|accessdate=24 September 2015}}
9. ^Chapter XLV
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Boy-Who-Led-Them/dp/184963128X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1389696899&sr=8-1&keywords=the+boy+who+led+them|title=The Boy Who Led Them: Amazon.co.uk: George Chittenden: 9781849631280: Books|work=amazon.co.uk|accessdate=24 September 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Boy-Who-Felt-Pain/dp/1849634483/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1389697124&sr=8-1&keywords=the+boy+who+felt+no+pain|title=The Boy Who Felt No Pain: Amazon.co.uk: George Chittenden: 9781849634489: Books|work=amazon.co.uk|accessdate=24 September 2015}}
12. ^Chapter 8
13. ^{{cite book|author=William Horwood|title=The Boy with No Shoes: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQ2DQgAACAAJ|accessdate=24 September 2015|year=2004|publisher=Review|isbn=978-0-7553-1317-4}}
14. ^{{cite book|author=Frances Fyfield|title=Undercurrents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq7UTvReWiQC|accessdate=24 September 2015|date=4 October 2012|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4055-2048-5}}
15. ^{{cite book|author=David Donachie|title=A Hanging Matter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHzEf1EJg8EC|accessdate=24 September 2015|date=1 April 2002|publisher=McBooks Press|isbn=978-1-59013-016-2}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://dealradio.com/|title=Deal Community Radio - Something for everyone|work=dealcommunityradio.com|accessdate=24 September 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091206/http://dealradio.com/|archivedate=25 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}
17. ^[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Blitz,_Antonio Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography] retrieved 3 October 2017
18. ^[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hulke,_John_Whitaker 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 13] retrieved 3 October 2017
19. ^Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10 1986 retrieved 3 October 2017
20. ^[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/alan-patterson-2.html Sports Reference LLC] retrieved 3 October 2017
21. ^The Aerodrome website retrieved 3 October 2017
22. ^Fashion.telegraph.co.uk retrieved 3 October 2017
23. ^The Peerage, Person Page 12487 retrieved 3 October 2017
24. ^Members of the House of Lords retrieved 3 October 2017
25. ^[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/linda-ann-martin-1.html Sports Reference LLC] retrieved 3 October 2017
26. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001889/ IMDb website] retrieved 3 October 2017
27. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0936295/ IMDb website] retrieved 3 October 2017
28. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0598757/ IMDb website] retrieved 3 October 2017
29. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0134458/ IMDb website] retrieved 3 October 2017
30. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0836146/ IMDb website] retrieved 3 October 2017
31. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2643306/ IMDb website] retrieved 3 October 2017
32. ^[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fitzwilliam,_Edward_Francis_(DNB00) Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 19] retrieved 3 October 2017
33. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x-7MOh-jSJoC&pg=PR12&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stewart R. Craggs, John Ireland. Ashgate Publishing (2007)] retrieved 3 October 2017
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://highstreetdeal.co.uk/blue-plaque-walks-in-deal/|title=Blue Plaque Walks in Deal|publisher=High Street Deal|accessdate=28 May 2016}}
35. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/nov/09/guardianobituaries2 The Guardian, Thursday 9 November 2000, Obituary] retrieved 3 October 2017
36. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707220959/http://www.beckerensemble.com/Musicians%20Pages/Adrian%20Brett%20page.html Biography on Becker Ensemble of London site] retrieved 3 October 2017
37. ^[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Carter Encyclopædia Britannica] retrieved 3 October 2017
38. ^1 [https://highstreetdeal.co.uk/blue-plaque-walks-in-deal/ Blue Plaque Walks in Deal] retrieved 3 October 2017
39. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jul/29/poetry.mentalhealth Guardian Obituary Tuesday 29 July 2008] retrieved 3 October 2017
40. ^William Horwood website 2017 retrieved 3 October 2017
41. ^seangabb.co.uk, Own website retrieved 3 October 2017
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/u10grutvv|title=Deal climate|work=metoffice.gov.uk|accessdate=24 September 2015}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/United-Kingdom/Kent/Dover/climate-profile.aspx?month=12|title=December Climate History for Dover - Local - Kent, United Kingdom|work=myweather2.com|accessdate=24 September 2015}}

Sources

  • Green, Ivan. The Book of Deal and Walmer, Barracuda Books Ltd, 1983, {{ISBN|0-86023-156-9}}

External links

{{Wikivoyage|Deal}}
  • Deal Town Council
{{Dover}}{{Kent}}{{Authority control}}

10 : Deal, Kent|Seaside resorts in England|Towns in Kent|Cinque ports|Port cities and towns of the North Sea|Royal Marines Band Service|Populated coastal places in Kent|Beaches of Kent|Dover District|Civil parishes in Kent
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