| 词条 | Mark 37 torpedo |
| 释义 |
| name = Mark 37 torpedo | image = Mark 37 Torpedo.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = Mark 37 torpedo at the German Marine Museum Wilhelmshaven | origin = United States | type = Acoustic torpedo[1] | is_ranged = yes | is_explosive = yes | is_missile = yes | service = 1956[1]-1972 | used_by = United States Navy Israeli Navy | wars = | designer = Westinghouse Electric[1] Underwater Sound Laboratory, Harvard University Ordnance Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University | manufacturer = Naval Ordnance Station Forest Park[1] | design_date = 1946[1] | production_date= | number = | variants = Mark 37 Mod 1[1] Mark 37 Mod 2 Mark 37 Mod 3 NT37C NT37D NT37E NT37F | weight = {{convert|1430 |lb|kg}}[1] | length = {{convert|135 |inch|m}}[1] | diameter = {{convert|19 |inch|mm}}[1] (21-inch guide rails) | range = {{convert|23000|yards|km}} at 17 knots, {{convert|10000|yards|km}} at 26 knots | filling = Mk 37 Mod 0, HBX-3[1] | filling_weight = 330 pounds[1] | detonation = Mk 19 contact exploder | engine = Electric[1] | propellant = | speed = {{convert|17|knots|km/h}}, {{convert|26|knots|km/h}} | guidance = Gyroscope (initial), passive sonar (cruise) and Doppler active sonar homing (terminal) [1] | launch_platform = Submarines[1] }} The Mark 37 torpedo is a torpedo with electrical propulsion, developed for the US Navy after World War II. It entered service with the US Navy in the early 1950s, with over 3,300 produced. It was phased out of service with the US Navy during the 1970s, and the stockpiles were sold to foreign navies. DevelopmentIts engineering development began in 1946 by Westinghouse-ORL. It was based on the active homing system tested on modified Mark 18s, with added passive homing and a new torpedo body. Between 1955-56, thirty torpedoes were produced for development testing, with large-scale production commenced shortly afterwards.[2] Due to its electric propulsion, the torpedo swam smoothly out of the launch tube, instead of having to be ejected by pressurized air, therefore significantly reducing its acoustic launch signature. To allow for water flow around the torpedo while swimming out, several 1" thick guide studs were attached to the torpedo, which although 19" in diameter was designed to be used only from 21" torpedo tubes.[3] The guidance of a Mk37 mod 0 torpedo was done by a gyroscope control during the initial part of its trajectory, where the gyro control achieved a straight run, a passive sonar homing system, and at the last {{convert|700|yards}} by a Doppler-enabled active sonar homing, with magnetostrictive transducers operating at 60 kHz. The electronics was based on miniature vacuum tubes, later on solid-state semiconductor devices. ModificationsThe mod 1 torpedoes were longer, slower and heavier than mod 0, but offered better target acquisition capabilities and higher ability to intercept agile submarines. They used wire-guidance. The efficiency of Mk37 torpedoes was high for targets with speed lower than {{convert|20|knots|km/h}} and depth less than {{convert|1000|ft|abbr=on}}. As submarines with higher speeds and operating depths appeared, new torpedoes were developed. Of them, NT37C, D, E, and F are based on the Mk37 design. In 1967, the mod 0s started being refurbished as mod 3, and mod 1 as mod 2. These modifications involved many changes including replacement of magneto-constrictive transducers with piezoelectric ones, and resulted in target acquisition range increased from {{convert|700|yd|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1000|yd|m|abbr=on}} without loss of sensitivity with increasing depth. The torpedoes used Mark 46 silver-zinc batteries. These had a known tendency to overheat, occasionally igniting or exploding. Training torpedoes used reusable rechargeable secondary batteries. For a long time, the Mark 37 was a primary U.S. submarine-launched ASW torpedo. It was replaced by the Mark 48 starting in 1972. The remaining inventory was then rebuilt and sold to several countries, including Israel, as the NT-37C after the vacuum tube guidance systems were replaced by solid-state electronics and the electric propulsion was replaced with a liquid monopropellant.[4] Other usesThe Mk 67 submarine launched mobile mine[5] is based on a Mark 37 torpedo body. It entered service in 1983 and is capable of swimming as far as 10 miles{{Clarify|date=December 2009|nm or sm?}} through or into a channel, harbor, shallow water area and other zones which would normally be inaccessible to the vessel laying it. After reaching the target area it sinks to the sea bed and acts like a conventionally laid influence mine. The exploder in the Mk 67 warhead is computerised and incorporates magnetic, acoustic and pressure sensors. General characteristics
Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web | last= Jolie | first = E.W. | title = A Brief History of US Navy Torpedo Development: Torpedo Mk37 | date = 15 September 1978 | url= http://www.maritime.org/doc/jolie/part2.htm | accessdate = 22 June 2013}} 2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Milford|first1=Frederick|title=US NAVY TORPEDOES. Part Five: Post WW-II Submarine Launched/ Heavyweight Torpedoes|journal=The Submarine Review|date=October 1997|url=http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/1592/ustorp5.htm|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/1592/ustorp5.htm&date=2009-10-25+09:26:07|archivedate=25 October 2009|df=dmy-all}} 3. ^US Navy torpedo history, part 2 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 Polmar, Norman "The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet: Torpedoes" United States Naval Institute Proceedings November 1978 p.160 5. ^Mark 67 Mobile Mine External links
2 : Cold War weapons of the United States|Torpedoes of the United States |
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