1. Examples
    Pools  Churning  Stock bashing  Pump and dump  Runs  Ramping (the market)  Wash trade  Bear raid  Lure and Squeeze  Quote stuffing  Spoofing (finance)  High Closing (finance)  Cornering the market 

2. References

Market manipulation is prohibited in most countries, in particular, it is prohibited in the United States under Section 9(a)(2)^[2] of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in the European Union under Article 12 of the Market Abuse Regulation, in Australia under Section 1041A of the Corporations Act 2001, and in Israel under Section 54(a) of the securities act of 1968. Market manipulation is also prohibited for wholesale electricity markets under Section 222 of the Federal Power Act^[3] and wholesale natural gas markets under Section 4A of the Natural Gas Act.^[4]

The US Securities Exchange Act defines market manipulation as "transactions which create an artificial price or maintain an artificial price for a tradable security".

Examples

Pools

Agreements, often written, among a group of traders to delegate authority to a single manager to trade in a specific stock for a specific period of time and then to share in the resulting profits or losses."^[5] In Australia section 1041B prohibits pooling.

Churning

When a trader places both buy and sell orders at about the same price. The increase in activity is intended to attract additional investors, and increase the price.

Stock bashing

This scheme is usually orchestrated by savvy online message board posters (a.k.a. "Bashers") who make up false and/or misleading information about the target company in an attempt to get shares for a cheaper price. This activity, in most cases, is conducted by posting libelous posts on multiple public forums. The perpetrators sometimes work directly for unscrupulous Investor Relations firms who have convertible notes that convert for more shares the lower the bid or ask price is; thus the lower these Bashers can drive a stock price down by trying to convince shareholders they have bought a worthless security, the more shares the Investor Relations firm receives as compensation. Immediately after the stock conversion is complete and shares are issued to the Investor Relations firm, consultant, attorney or similar party, the basher/s then become friends of the company and move quickly to ensure they profit on a classic Pump & Dump scheme to liquidate their ill gotten shares. (see P&D)

Pump and dump

A pump and dump scheme is generally part of a more complex grand plan of market manipulation on the targeted security. The Perpetrators (Usually stock promoters) convince company affiliates and large position non-affiliates to release shares into a free trading status as "Payment" for services for promoting the security. Instead of putting out legitimate information about a company the promoter sends out bogus e-mails (the "Pump") to millions of unsophisticated investors (Sometimes called "Retail Investors") in an attempt to drive the price of the stock and volume to higher points. After they accomplish both, the promoter sells their shares (the "Dump") and the stock price falls like a stone, taking all the duped investors' money with it.

Runs

When a group of traders create activity or rumors in order to drive the price of a security up. An example is the Guinness share-trading fraud of the 1980s. In the US, this activity is usually referred to as painting the tape.^[6] Runs may also occur when trader(s) are attempting to drive the price of a certain share down, although this is rare. (see Stock Bashing)

Ramping (the market)

Actions designed to artificially raise the market price of listed securities and to give the impression of voluminous trading, in order to make a quick profit."^[7]

Wash trade

In a wash trade the manipulator sells and repurchases the same or substantially the same security for the purpose of generating activity and increasing the price.

Bear raid

In a bear raid there is an attempting to push the price of a stock down by heavy selling or short selling.^[8]

Lure and Squeeze

This works with a company that is very distressed on paper, with impossibly high debt and consistently high annual losses, but very few assets, making it look as if bankruptcy must be imminent. The stock price gradually falls as people new to the stock short it on the basis of the poor outlook for the company, until the number of shorted shares greatly exceeds the total number of shares that are not held by those aware of the lure and squeeze scheme (call them "people in the know"). In the meantime, people in the know increasingly purchase the stock as it drops to lower and lower prices. When the short interest has reached a maximum, the company announces it has made a deal with its creditors to settle its loans in exchange for shares of stock (or some similar kind of arrangement that leverages the stock price to benefit the company), knowing that those who have short positions will be squeezed as the price of the stock sky-rockets. Near its peak price, people in the know start to sell, and the price gradually falls back down again for the cycle to repeat.

Quote stuffing

Spoofing (finance)

Spoofing is a disruptive algorithmic trading entity employed by traders to outpace other market participants and to manipulate commodity markets. Spoofers feign interest in trading futures, stocks and other products in financial markets creating an illusion of exchange pessimism in the futures market when many offers are being cancelled or withdrawn, or false optimism or demand when many offers are being placed in bad faith. Spoofers bid or offer with intent to cancel before the orders are filled. The flurry of activity around the buy or sell orders is intended to attract other high-frequency traders (HFT) to induce a particular market reaction such as manipulating the market price of a security. Spoofing can be a factor in the rise and fall of the price of shares and can be very profitable to the spoofer who can time buying and selling based on this manipulation.

High Closing (finance)

High closing is an attempt to manipulate the price of a security at the end of trading day to ensure that is closes higher than it should. Usually by putting in manipulative trades close to closing.

Cornering the market

In cornering the market the manipulators buys sufficiently large amount of a commodity so they can can control the price creating in effect a monopoly. For example the brothers Nelson Bunker Hunt and William Herbert Hunt attempted to corner the world silver markets in the late 1970s and early 1980s, at one stage holding the rights to more than half of the world's deliverable silver.^[10] During the Hunts' accumulation of the precious metal, silver prices rose from $11 an ounce in September 1979 to nearly $50 an ounce in January 1980.^[11] Silver prices ultimately collapsed to below $11 an ounce two months later,^[11] much of the fall occurring on a single day now known as Silver Thursday, due to changes made to exchange rules regarding the purchase of commodities on margin.^[12]

References

• Charles McClain
• Charles McClendon Practice Facility
• Charles McClure (Pennsylvania)
• Charles McConnell
• Charles McCullough
• Charles McDermott (footballer)
• Charles McDew
• Charles McDonald (footballer)
• Charles McDonald (Louisiana politician)
• Charles McDonnell
• Charles McDougall (U.S. Army)
• Charles McEwen Hyde
• Charles McGee (disambiguation)
• Charles McGhee Tyson
• Charles McGhie
• Charles McGill
• Charles McGill Hamilton
• Charles McGillivray
• Charles McGrigor
• Charles McGuigan
• Charles McIlvaine (bishop)
• Charles McIlveen
• Charles McIlveen (Ontario politician)
• Charles McIlwain
• Charles McIntosh