“Abdul Salam Arif”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

‘Abd ul-Salam Mohammed ‘Arif Aljumaily ({{lang-ar|عبد السلام محمد عارف الجميلي}}{{transl|ar|DIN|`Abd as-Salām `Ārif Al-jumaili}}) (21 March 1921 – 13 April 1966) was President of Iraq from 1963 until his death in 1966. He played a leading role in the 14 July Revolution, in which the Hashemite monarchy was overthrown on July 14, 1958.

1958 coup and conflict with Qasim

Along with Abdel Karim Qasim and other Iraqi military officers, Arif was a member of the clandestine organisation, the Free Officers of Iraq. Like Qasim, Arif served with distinction in the otherwise unsuccessful 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict, where he captured Jenin in what is now the West Bank part of Palestine. During the summer of 1958, Prime Minister Nuri as-Sa'id ordered Iraqi troops under Arif to aid Jordan, as part of an agreement of the Arab Federation. Instead, however, he led his army units into Baghdad and on July 14 launched a coup against the Hashemite monarchy. Qasim formed a government under the newly proclaimed republic and Arif, his chief aide, was appointed deputy prime minister, interior minister, and deputy commander-in-chief of the armed forces.^[2]

Almost immediately however, tensions rose between the pan-Arabist Arif and Iraqi nationalist Qasim who also had the support of the Iraqi Communist Party. The former supported a union with the United Arab Republic (UAR)—composed of Egypt and Syria—under president Gamal Abdel Nasser, but the latter opposed merging with the UAR. As a result, the two leaders engaged in a power struggle, ending in Qasim prevailing and the removal of Arif from his positions on September 12. He was appointed the low-ranking post of ambassador to Bonn. Arif refused to take up the post and upon returning to Baghdad on November 4, he was promptly arrested for plotting against the state. He was sentenced to death along with Rashid Ali al-Gaylani in February 1959.^[2] Qasim had him released in November 1961.^[3]

President of Iraq

Although he was chosen as president, more power was held by the Ba'athist prime minister, Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. Following a Ba'athist-led coup in Syria in March 1963, Arif entered his country into reunification talks with Syria and Egypt (which had split from the UAR in 1961). After a fallout with Nasser in July, the Ba'athist government of Iraq removed all non-Ba'athist members from the cabinet, despite Arif's support for Nasser.^[3] On November 18, Arif, with the support of disaffected elements in the military, took advantage of a split between the Ba'ath—which weakened the party—and ousted their members from the government. Arif formed a new cabinet, retaining a few Ba'athists, but mostly made up of Nasserist army officers and technocrats. He maintained his presidency and appointed himself chief-of-staff. A month later he handed the latter post to his brother General Abdul Rahman Arif, and the premiership to his confidant Lieutenant-General Tahir Yahya.^[5] In the fall of 1964, the Ba'ath attempted to depose Arif, but failed when their plot was unveiled. Arif had the conspirators, including Saddam Hussein, arrested.^[6]

On May 26, 1964, Arif established the Joint Presidency Council with Egypt. On July 14, the anniversary of the revolution, he declared the establishment of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU) of Iraq, commending it as the "threshold of the building of the unity of the Arab nation under Arab socialism." It was nearly identical in structure the ASU of Egypt and like in Egypt, many of the Arab nationalist parties were dissolved and absorbed by the ASU.^[5] Also, all banks and over thirty major Iraqi businesses were nationalized. Arif undertook these measures in an effort to bring Iraq closer with Egypt to help foster unity and on December 20, plans for union were announced. Despite this, in July 1965, the Nasserist ministers resigned from the Iraqi cabinet.^[7] President Arif played a major role in Iraq construction and developing its infrastructure.^[8]

Death

On April 13, 1966, Arif was killed in the crash of Iraqi Air Force de Havilland DH.104 Dove 1, RF392, in southern Iraq, and was replaced as president by his brother Abdul Rahman.^[7]^[9] Reports at the time said Arif had died in a helicopter accident. The cause was believed to be sabotage by Ba'athist elements in the Iraqi military.^[10] Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz became acting president for three days, and a power struggle for the presidency occurred. In the first meeting of the Defense Council and cabinet to elect a president, Al-Bazzaz needed a two-thirds majority to win the presidency. Al-Bazzaz was unsuccessful, and Abdul Rahman Arif was elected president. He was viewed by army officers as weaker and easier to manipulate than his brother.^[11]

Family

On December 13, 2004, Arif's daughter, Sana Abdul Salam, and her husband, Wamith Abdul Razzak Said Alkadiry, were shot dead in their home in Baghdad by unknown assailants. Rafal Alkadiry, their 22-year-old son, was kidnapped,^[12] and later killed.

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History|author1=Al-Marashi, I.|author2=Salama, S.|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415400787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUKNV6gFKucC|page=74|accessdate=2014-12-12}}
2. ^¹Ismael, Ismael, and Abu Jaber, 1991, pp.158-159.
3. ^¹²Ismael, Ismael, and Abu Jaber, 1991, p.163.
4. ^Ajami, 2006, pp. 185-186.
5. ^¹Ismael, Ismael, and Abu Jaber, 1991, pp. 164-165.
6. ^Reich, 1990, p. 241.
7. ^¹Ismael, Ismael, and Abu Jaber, 1991, p. 166.
8. ^Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq, p. 177.
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=73473|title=incident,|first=Harro|last=Ranter|website=aviation-safety.net}}
10. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/25/world/middleeast/25aref.html?_r=1&ref=world "Abdel-Rahman Aref, 91, Former Iraqi President, Is Dead"] The New York Times. August 25, 2007.
11. ^{{cite book | author = Tripp, Charles | page = | title = A History of Iraq | location = | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2010 | isbn =978-0-5215-2900-6}}
12. ^Iraqi voter registration site attacked CNN. 2004-12-18.

Bibliography