| 词条 | Marta Beatriz Roque |
| 释义 |
| name = Marta Beatriz Roque Cabello | image = Marta Beatriz Roque.jpg | birth_date = May 16, 1945 | birth_place = | nationality = Cuban | occupation = economist | spouse = | children = | website = | known_for = dissident politics, imprisonment | organization = Assembly to Promote Civil Society in Cuba | awards = Heinz R. Pagels Human Rights of Scientists Award (2002) }}Marta Beatriz Roque Cabello (born May 16, 1945) is a Cuban political dissident. She is an economist by training, and the founder as well as director of the Cuban Institute of Independent Economists. Agence France-Presse described her in 2007 as Cuba's "leading woman dissident".[1] The Group of FourIn 1997, Roque, Vladimiro Roca, Felix Bonne and Rene Gomez Manzano published a paper titled "The Homeland Belongs to All," which discussed Cuba's human rights situation and called for political and economic reforms.[2] They also called for a boycott of elections in Cuba's one-party system and for investors to avoid Cuba,[3] giving several news conferences to discuss their concerns.[4] The four were detained without trial for nineteenth months.[5] In May 1998, Roque smuggled a letter out of the prison written on toilet paper, telling foreign journalists that the four were suffering from poor medical care and political indoctrination.[5] The four were then tried for sedition in March 1999[6] in a one-day trial closed to foreign press.[8] The defendants became known as the "Group of Four".[9] Roque was sentenced to three-and-a-half years' imprisonment, but won the right to appeal her case after staging a hunger strike in June 1999.[7] The US, EU, Canada, and the Vatican all called for her release.[3] Ultimately, she served all but a few months of her sentence[8] and was released in May 2002.[3] Other members of the Group of Four were released around the same time. In November 2000, the four published another essay, titled "Social Facets", as President Fidel Castro attended a summit in Panama. The essay stated that Cuban education was designed to indoctrinate children, that many children were malnourished from food shortages, and that foreigners in Cuba were allowed privileges—such as cars, computers, and cell phones—that ordinary Cuban people were not.[9] Later activismIn March 2003, she and other dissidents lobbied the EU not to sign a trade agreement with Cuba until its human rights record improved.[10] She also began a hunger strike calling for the release of political prisoners.[11] She was arrested the same month along with 74 other dissidents in what some have called the "Black Spring" crackdown. On April 3, 2003, Roque was brought to trial and convicted in a one-day trial. PEN International reported that she and the other defendants were given insufficient time to prepare a case.[17] Roque was sentenced to 20 years in prison for "acts against the independence or territorial integrity of the state". Amnesty International adopted her as a prisoner of conscience,[12] and Roque's sister Isabel was invited to meet with U.S. President George W. Bush in Washington, D.C. to discuss the case.[13] Reports stated that Roque lost {{convert|30|lb|kg}} while imprisoned from vomiting and diarrhea, and was hospitalized in July 2003. On July 22, 2004,[17] Roque was given early release from prison due to her declining health.[14][15] In 2005, Roque founded the Assembly to Promote Civil Society in Cuba (Asamblea para Promover la Sociedad Civil en Cuba), serving as the organization's director. Varela Project organizer Oswaldo Payá feuded with Roque over the group's formation, accusing her of collaborating with security forces to provide justification for a further crackdown.[16] Wayne Smith, a former chief of the US Interests Section in Havana, criticized her group as seeming "virtually to operate out of the U.S. Interests Section", arguing that this weakened her credibility with Cubans.[17] She was detained again on 27 September 2007 when she was forced onto a bus during a rally Cuba's Justice Ministry building. Police reportedly informed her that they were protecting her from "the wrath of the people".[1] Roque refuses to leave Cuba, stating "We need enough space in our society and we are working for this. We need to make a hole inside the government to live, to think, to talk ... We need to be here. Me in particular. I don't want to live out of my country. This is my country and my country needs what we do."[18] On 10 September 2012, she began a hunger strike to demand that the government release a prisoner from the opposition movement. On 17 September, supporters reported that she was in a very dangerous condition, while pro-government bloggers expressed skepticism that her decline in health was legitimate.[19] PrizesShe is a recipient of the 2002 Heinz R. Pagels Human Rights of Scientists Award of the New York Academy of Sciences[20] and an honorary member of the Canadian, English, and Finnish PEN.[15] References1. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jm6LrWe4B9JtEtI_HrRe04HvGsgQ |title=Cuba detains at least 21 dissidents: activist |date=September 27, 2007 |agency=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Google News |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y97/jul97/homdoc.htm |title=The Homeland Belongs to Us All |date=June 27, 1997 |publisher=Cubanet |accessdate=July 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207154559/http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y97/jul97/homdoc.htm |archivedate=February 7, 2012 |df= }} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7502010.stm |title=Second Cuban dissident freed |date=May 16, 2000 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/761393.stm |title=Third Cuban dissident freed |date=May 24, 2000 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=July 27, 2012}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/02/opinion/cuba-s-imprisoned-dissidents.html |title=Cuba's Imprisoned Dissidents |date=May 2, 1998 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=27 July 2012}} 6. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1999-03-02/news/9903010493_1_vladimiro-roca-dissidents-cuba-s-one-party-system |title=World Is Watching Havana Trial Of Cubans Who Criticized System |date=March 2, 1999 |work=South Florida Sun Sentinel |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1999-09-14/news/9909130694_1_cuban-government-marta-beatriz-roque-dissidents |title=Rehearing An Important Concession |date=14 September 1999 |work=South Florida Sun-Sentinel |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-05-17/news/0005160428_1_marta-beatriz-roque-political-prisoner-felix-bonne |title=Remember Those Still In Prison |date=May 17, 2000 |work=South Florida Sun-Sentinel |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1029250.stm |title=Castro charge sparks arrests |date=18 November 2000 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=27 July 2012}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2846001.stm |title=Dissidents lobby EU against Cuba |date=March 13, 2003 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2871379.stm |title=Cuba urged to end crackdown |date=March 22, 2003 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr25/004/2007/en/ |title=UA 97/07 Fear for safety/Fear of arbitrary detention |date=April 24, 2007 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=January 22, 2012}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2003-05-21/news/0305210006_1_cuban-liberty-council-republican-cuban-american-cuban-independence-day |title=President: No Changes On Cuba |author=Rafael Lorente |date=May 21, 2003 |work=South Florida Sun Sentinel |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr25/002/2005/en/ |title=Prisoners of conscience: 71 longing for freedom |date=18 March 2005 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=July 25, 2012 |df= }} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.englishpen.org/marta-beatriz-roque-3/ |title=Marta Beatriz Roque |date=November 27, 2006 |publisher=English PEN |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4569981.stm |title=Cuba dissidents debate democracy |date=May 21, 2005 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=July 24, 2012}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2005-08-06/news/0508050256_1_tv-marti-castro-regime-free-cuba |title=`Last Throes' Only In Eye Of Delusional Bush |author=Wayne S. Smith |date=August 6, 2005 |work=South Florida Sun Sentinel |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1230078.stm |title=Cuba's local dissidents speak out |date=19 March 2001 |author=Daniel Schweimler |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=July 26, 2012}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.bostonherald.com/news/international/americas/view/20120917cuban_dissident_passes_1_week_on_hunger_strike/srvc=home&position=recent |title=Cuban dissident passes 1 week on hunger strike |agency=Associated Press |date=17 September 2012 |work=The Boston Herald |archivedate=18 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Al8n54q5?url=http://www.bostonherald.com/news/international/americas/view/20120917cuban_dissident_passes_1_week_on_hunger_strike/srvc%3Dhome%26position%3Drecent |accessdate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nyas.org/AboutUs/MediaRelations/Detail.aspx?cid=3e83f5a6-b366-4c50-9756-df0d9271a817 |title=2002 Heinz R. Pagels Human Rights Awards |date=September 25, 2002 |publisher=New York Academy of Sciences |accessdate=July 25, 2012}} External links
8 : 1945 births|Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Cuba|Cuban democracy activists|Cuban dissidents|Cuban human rights activists|Living people|Opposition to Fidel Castro|Cuban prisoners and detainees |
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