| 词条 | Martin Indyk |
| 释义 |
|name = Martin Indyk |image = Martin Indyk 2.jpg |office = United States Ambassador to Israel |president = Bill Clinton |term_start = January 25, 2000 |term_end = July 13, 2001 |predecessor = Edward S. Walker Jr. |successor = Daniel C. Kurtzer |president1 = Bill Clinton |term_start1 = April 10, 1995 |term_end1 = September 27, 1997 |predecessor1 = Edward Djerejian |successor1 = Edward S. Walker Jr. |office2 = Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs |president2 = Bill Clinton |term_start2 = October 14, 1997 |term_end2 = November 16, 1999 |predecessor2 = Robert Pelletreau |successor2 = Edward S. Walker Jr. |birth_name = Martin Sean Indyk |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|7|1}} |birth_place = London, England UK |death_date = |death_place = |relatives = Ivor Indyk (brother) |spouse = Jill Collier (divorced) |children = 2 |education = University of Sydney (BA) Australian National University (MA, PhD) }} Martin Sean Indyk (born July 1, 1951) is a diplomat and foreign relations analyst with expertise in the Middle East. In addition to serving in academia and as adviser to political administrations, he is now the executive vice president of the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. He took leave from the Brookings Institution to serve as the U.S. Special Envoy for Israeli–Palestinian Negotiations from 2013 to 2014. Indyk served twice as United States ambassador to Israel and also as Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs during the Clinton Administration. He is known as the framer of the U.S. policy of dual containment in that period, which sought to 'contain' Iraq and Iran. These were viewed as the United States' two most important strategic adversaries at the time. He is the author of Innocent Abroad: An Intimate Account of American Peacemaking Diplomacy in the Middle East (2014). BiographyMartin Indyk was born in 1951 in London, United Kingdom, to a Jewish family who had immigrated from Poland.[1] His family moved to Australia, where he was raised, growing up in the Sydney suburb of Castlecrag. His older brother is the Australian academic and publisher Ivor Indyk. He graduated from the University of Sydney in 1972. During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Indyk spent time volunteering in a kibbutz in southern Israel, an experience he has called "a defining moment in my life."[2] He returned to graduate school and received a PhD in international relations from the Australian National University in 1977. He married Jill Collier, with whom he had two children, Sarah and Jacob. They have divorced. Indyk emigrated to the United States by 1982 and started work with a lobbying group in Washington, DC. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1993.[3] Indyk is a Reform Jew.[1] Political and diplomatic careerIn 1982, Indyk began working as a deputy research director for the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), a pro-Israel lobbying group in Washington.[4][5] From 1985 Indyk served eight years as the founding Executive Director of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, a research institute specializing in analysis of Middle East policy.[6] He has been an adjunct professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, where he taught Israeli politics and foreign policy. Indyk has also taught at the Middle East Institute at Columbia University, the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies at Tel Aviv University, and the Department of Politics at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. Indyk has published widely on U.S. policy toward the Arab–Israeli peace process, on U.S.–Israeli relations, and on the threats to Middle East stability posed by Iraq and Iran. He served as special assistant to President Bill Clinton and as senior director of Near East and South Asian Affairs at the United States National Security Council. While at the NSC, he served as principal adviser to the President and the National Security Advisor on Arab–Israeli issues, Iraq, Iran, and South Asia. He was a senior member of Secretary of State Warren Christopher's Middle East peace team and served as the White House representative on the U.S. Israel Science and Technology Commission. He served two stints as United States Ambassador to Israel, from April 1995 to September 1997, and from January 2000 to July 2001. He was the first and so far, the only, foreign-born US ambassador to Israel. He has served on the board of the New Israel Fund.[7] Indyk currently serves on the Adivsory Board for DC based non-profit America Abroad Media.[8] On July 29, 2013, Indyk was appointed by President Barack Obama as Washington's special Middle East envoy for the resumption of peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.[9] Both Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas favored his appointment.[10] He resigned from this position June 27, 2014, returning to the Brookings Institution as its vice president and director for foreign policy.[11][12] ControversyIn 2000, Indyk was placed under investigation by the FBI after allegations arose that he improperly handled sensitive material by using an unclassified laptop computer on an airplane flight to prepare his memos of meetings with foreign leaders.[13][14][15] There was no indication that any classified material had been compromised, and no indication of espionage.[17] Indyk was "apparently ... the first serving U.S. ambassador to be stripped of government security clearance."[17] The Los Angeles Times reported that "veteran diplomats complained that Indyk was being made a scapegoat for the kinds of security lapses that are rather common among envoys who take classified work home from the office."[16] Indyk's clearance was suspended but was reinstated the next month, "for the duration of the current crisis," given "the continuing turmoil in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza [Strip] and for compelling national security reasons."[16] CriticismReceiving donations from QatarIn 2014, Indyk came under scrutiny when a New York Times investigation revealed that wealthy Gulf state of Qatar made a $14.8 million, four-year donation to Brookings Institution, in order to fund two Brookings initiatives,[17] the Brookings Center in Doha and the Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World.[18] The Times investigation found that Brookings was one of more than a dozen influential Washington think tanks and research organizations that "have received tens of millions of dollars from foreign governments in recent years while pushing United States government officials to adopt policies that often reflect the donors' priorities."[17] A number of scholars interviewed by the Times expressed alarm at the trend, saying that the "donations have led to implicit agreements that the research groups would refrain from criticizing the donor governments."[17] The revelation of the think tank's choice to accept the payment from Qatar was especially controversial because at the time, Indyk was acting as a peace negotiator between Israel and the Palestinians, and because Qatar funds jihadist groups in the Middle East and is the main financial backer of Hamas, "the mortal enemy of both the State of Israel and Mahmoud Abbas' Fatah party."[19] Hamas political chief Khaled Meshaal, who directs Hamas's operations against Israel, is also harbored by Qatar.[17] Indyk defended the arrangement with Qatar, contending that it did not influence the think tank's work and that "to be policy-relevant, we need to engage policy makers."[17] However, the arrangement between Qatar and Brookings caused Israeli government officials to doubt Indyk's impartiality.[20] Of views on IsraelIndyk's career has "featured two abiding, and at times competing, characteristics: his support for Israel, and his disdain for Israel's West Bank settlement activity."[21] Indyk's views "have irked both Israel and the Palestinians at various times."[21] Isi Leibler criticized Indyk in a 2010 Jerusalem Post op-ed, calling him a "anti-Israel apologist."[22] In 2014, Ha'aretz reported that "Indyk is being identified in Jerusalem as the anonymous source" in an article by Nahum Barnea of the Yedioth Ahronoth, 'in which unnamed American officials blamed Israel for the failure of the peace talks."[23] The anonymous source in Yediot Acharonot was quoted as saying: "The Jewish people are supposed to be smart; it is true that they’re also considered a stubborn nation. You're supposed to know how to read the map: In the 21st century, the world will not keep tolerating the Israeli occupation. The occupation threatens Israel's status in the world and threatens Israel as a Jewish state...The Palestinians are tired of the status quo. They will get their state in the end – whether through violence or by turning to international organizations."[23] The remarks angered Israeli officials.[21]Media appearancesWhile promoting his book, Innocent Abroad: An Intimate Account of American Peace Diplomacy, on 8 January 2009, Indyk engaged in a discussion of Israeli–Palestinian peace negotiations with Norman Finkelstein of Democracy Now!. Indyk indicated he felt "sandbagged" by not being informed "that I was going to be in some kind of debate with Norman Finkelstein. I’m not interested in doing that. I’m also not here as a spokesman for Israel".[24] Books
References1. ^1 Haaretz: "Former 'Meet the Press' host David Gregory writing book on his Jewish faith" by Anthony Weiss August 24, 2014 2. ^Nathan Guttman, "Mideast Mediator Martin Indyk Draws Ire From Both Sides of Israeli Spectrum", Jewish Daily Forward (August 2, 2013). 3. ^Al Kamen, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/02/02/inside-state/19939d53-3913-4694-a6a8-5ddc2a2f9be5/ Inside: State], Washington Post (February 2, 1995). 4. ^{{cite web|title=TRANSCRIPT: INDYK DISCUSSES NEW ISRAELI GOVERNMENT, IRAQ POLICY|url=https://fas.org/news/iraq/1999/05/990526-iraq-usia.htm|work=FAS|date=26 May 1999|accessdate=7 December 2013}} 5. ^{{cite web|last=Halsell|first=Grace|title=Clinton's Indyk Appointment One of Many From Pro-Israel Think Tank|url=http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/146-washington-report-archives-1988-1993/march-1993/7143-clintons-indyk-appointment-one-of-many-from-pro-israel-think-tank.html|publisher=Washington Report|accessdate=7 December 2013}} 6. ^Mearsheimer, John J.; Walt, Stephen M., The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, Macmillan, September 4, 2007. Cf. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bQHXJ4JzxV4C&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=washington+institute+for+near+east+policy+pro+israel&source=bl&ots=AOgogjexnx&sig=xhG9z1boG-YQu1Lx4q7TkIwZ12Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2c7UojNBq6z4APbrIC4Bw&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA p.152] 7. ^{{cite news|last=Guttman|first=Nathan|title=Martin Indyk Brings Baggage to Mideast Talks — and That's the Point |url=http://forward.com/articles/181400/martin-indyk-brings-baggage-to-mideast-talks-and/|accessdate=7 December 2013|newspaper=The Jewish Daily Forward|date=July 30, 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://americaabroadmedia.org/user/52/Martin_Indyk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716144218/http://americaabroadmedia.org/user/52/Martin_Indyk |archive-date=July 16, 2014 | title=Advisory Board - Martin Indyk | website=America Abroad Media | access-date=March 20, 2017}} 9. ^{{cite news|last=Ravid|first=Barak|title=Obama welcomes renewal of Israeli-Palestinian talks, but says 'hard choices' lie ahead|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.538586|accessdate=7 December 2013|newspaper=Haaretz|date=July 29, 2013}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.537068 |title=Report: Martin Indyk to be U.S. representative on Israeli-Palestinian peace talks |author=Barak Ravid |newspaper=Haaretz |date=July 21, 2013}} 11. ^{{cite news|last1=Jackson|first1=David|title=U.S. envoy for Middle East peace resigns|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2014/06/27/obama-martin-indyk-middle-east/11454569/|accessdate=27 June 2014|work=USA Today|date=27 June 2014}} 12. ^{{cite web|last1=Office of the Spokesperson|title=Secretary Kerry Announcement on Ambassador Martin Indyk|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/06/228519.htm|publisher=United States Department of State|accessdate=27 June 2014}} 13. ^{{cite news|last=Koppel|first=Andrea|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/23/israel.ambassador/index.html|title=U.S. suspends security clearance for ambassador to Israel|publisher=CNN|date=September 23, 2000}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=Ambassador’s Security Clearance Suspended|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82560&page=1&singlePage=true|accessdate=7 December 2013|publisher=ABC News}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Press Briefing by Richard Boucher|date=September 25, 2000|url=https://fas.org/sgp/news/2000/09/dos092500.html|publisher=U.S. Department of State |accessdate=7 December 2013}} 16. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|author=Norman Kempster|title=U.S. Envoy to Israel Regains Clearance--for Duration of Crisis|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/oct/11/news/mn-34808|accessdate=7 December 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=October 11, 2000}} 17. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/us/politics/foreign-powers-buy-influence-at-think-tanks.html|title=Foreign Powers Buy Influence at Think Tanks|last=Williams|first=Eric Lipton, Brooke|date=2014-09-06|last2=Confessore|first2=Nicholas|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-11-02}} 18. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/185831/brookings-responds-to-tablet-piece-on-qatar-funding|title=Brookings Responds to Tablet Piece on Qatar Funding|newspaper=Tablet Magazine|access-date=2016-11-02}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/184713/martin-indyk-qatar|title=How Peace Negotiator Martin Indyk Cashed a Big, Fat $14.8 Million Check From Qatar, and No One Noticed|newspaper=Tablet Magazine|access-date=2016-11-02}} 20. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Jlem-doubts-Indyks-institute-after-Qatar-funding-reports-374717|title=Jerusalem doubts Indyk’s institute after Qatar funding reports|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=2016-11-02}} 21. ^1 2 Nathan Guttman, How Martin Indyk Went From AIPAC Man To Blaming Israel for Talk's Failure, Jewish Daily Forward (May 14, 2014). 22. ^Isi Leibler, From pro-Israel to anti-Israel apologist, Jerusalem Post (April 29, 2010). 23. ^1 'US envoy to resign after blaming settlements for talks failure', Jewish Telegraphic Agency & Times of Israel Staff (May 5, 2014). 24. ^{{cite web|title=Former Amb. Martin Indyk vs. Author Norman Finkelstein: A Debate on Israel’s Assault on Gaza and the US Role in the Conflict|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/8/former_amb_martin_indyk_vs_author|publisher=Democracy Now|accessdate=7 December 2013}} External links
| title=U.S. Ambassador to Israel | before=Edward Djerejian | after=Edward S. Walker, Jr. | years=1995–1997 }}{{succession box | title=U.S. Ambassador to Israel | before=Edward S. Walker, Jr. | after=Daniel C. Kurtzer | years=2000–2001 }}{{s-gov}}{{succession box| before=Robert Pelletreau| title=Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs| after=Edward S. Walker, Jr.| years=October 14, 1997 – November 16, 1999 }}{{s-end}}{{US Ambassadors to Israel}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Indyk, Martin}} 15 : 1951 births|Living people|American Israel Public Affairs Committee|American academics|American Jews|English emigrants to Australia|English Jews|Jewish American politicians|Australian emigrants to the United States|Washington Institute for Near East Policy|Ambassadors of the United States to Israel|United States Special Envoys|Assistant Secretaries of State for the Near East and North Africa|Center on International Cooperation|Brookings Institution |
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