“Maróczy Bind”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Maróczy Bind ({{IPA-hu|ˈmɒroːt͡si|lang}}) is a pawn formation in chess, named after the Hungarian grandmaster Géza Maróczy and primarily played against the Sicilian Defence. It is characterised by white pawns on c4 and e4, with White's d-pawn having been exchanged for Black's c-pawn.

White's c- and e-pawns control the d5-square, making it difficult for Black to free his position with ...d5; Black often settles for the less active ...d6 instead. Black often employs a Hedgehog formation against the Bind.

History

The first game known to feature the Maróczy Bind was Swiderski–Maróczy, Monte Carlo 1904.^[1] Oddly, no games are known where Maróczy played it as White. However, the 1906 March–April issue of the Wiener Schachzeitung reproduced from Magyar Sakklap Maróczy's annotations to the game Tarrasch–Marshall, Nuremberg (match) 1905 (which began 1.e4 c5 2.d4 cxd4 3.Nf3 a6 4.Nxd4 g6 5.Be2 Bg7 6.Nc3 Nc6). "On four consecutive moves (moves 3–6) Maróczy stressed the value of the move c4."^[2]

For several decades, it was generally considered tantamount to a {{chessgloss|positional play|positional}} blunder for Black to allow the Maróczy Bind.^[3] For example, Harry Golombek, in Capablanca's 100 Best Games of Chess (1947), gave a question mark to Black's fourth move in the line 1.e4 c5 2.Ne2 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6, a form of the Accelerated Dragon variation of the Sicilian Defence, stating that 4...Nf6 was "necessary" to make White block his {{nowrap|c-pawn}} with 5.Nc3 and thus avoid the Bind. Golombek gave an exclamation point to 5.c4, establishing the Bind, explaining "This strong move gives White control of the centre and Black must grovel about to find a counter-attack."^[4] Reuben Fine, writing in 1948, also considered the Bind very strong for White.^[5]

Beginning in the 1950s, the Maróczy Bind became less feared as new methods were found for Black to combat it. The ninth edition of Modern Chess Openings (1957) stated that Black had "worked loose" from the strictures of the Bind.^[6] Larry Evans wrote in the tenth edition (1965) that in response to the Accelerated Dragon, the Maróczy Bind "was once considered a refutation but now has lost much of its punch. White retains an advantage in space but Black's position is fundamentally sound."^[7] That remains the prevailing view, but some recent writers still emphasize that Black must find active {{chessgloss|counterplay}} or else be "strangled".^[8]^[9] However, John Nunn and Joe Gallagher observe:^[10]

In 1976, New Zealand/Australian rock band Dragon released a song called "The Dreaded Moroczy [sic] Bind" on the B side of This Time, after their guitarist who was a keen chess advocate.

Common opening lines

See also

References

1. ^Swiderski-Maróczy, Monte Carlo 1904. ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
2. ^Edward Winter, Kings, Commoners and Knaves: Further Chess Explorations, Russell Enterprises, 1999, pp. 147-48. {{ISBN|1-888690-04-6}}.
3. ^The fourth edition of Modern Chess Openings, published in 1925, is a typical example. The authors state that in the Sicilian Defence 2...Nc6 followed by ...g6 and ...Bg7 "is now seldom played, White being left with too great a control of the board by Maróczy's Attack". R. C. Griffith, J. H. White, and M. E. Goldstein, Modern Chess Openings (4th ed. 1925), Whitehead & Miller, p. 191.
4. ^H. Golombek, Capablanca's 100 Best Games of Chess, David McKay, 1978, p. 154, {{ISBN|0-679-14044-1}} (annotating Capablanca-Yates, Bad Kissingen 1928).
5. ^Fine noted (converting his descriptive notation to algebraic notation) that 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6 "allows the strong Maroczy bind 5.c4!" Reuben Fine, Practical Chess Openings, David McKay, 1948, p. 409. The one column of analysis he gave ended with a large advantage for White. Id., p. 428.
6. ^Walter Korn and John W. Collins, Modern Chess Openings (9th ed. 1957), Pitman Publishing Corporation, p. 117.
7. ^Larry Evans, Modern Chess Openings (10th ed. 1965), Pitman Publishing Corporation, p. 183.
8. ^Nick de Firmian states that 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6 5.c4 "leads to a quieter, more positional type of game" than 5.Nc3, "yet Black will get strangled if he/she cannot find active play". Nick de Firmian, Modern Chess Openings (15th ed. 2008), Random House Puzzles & Games, p. 271. {{ISBN|978-0-8129-3682-7}}. Four of the six columns of analysis in MCO-15 end with an assessment of an advantage for White. Id. pp. 287-89.
9. ^Similarly, Garry Kasparov and Raymond Keene state of the same position, "if White is up to the task Black suffers from his lack of space and may be slowly strangled". Garry Kasparov and Raymond Keene, Batsford Chess Openings 2, Collier Books, 1989, p. 285. {{ISBN|0-02-033991-7}}.
10. ^John Nunn and Joe Gallagher, Beating the Sicilian 3, Henry Holt, 1995, p. 144. {{ISBN|0-8050-4227-X}}.