| 词条 | Masks among Eskimo peoples |
| 释义 |
Despite some similarities in the cultures of the Eskimo peoples,[3][4][5][6][7] their cultural diversity[8] makes it hard to generalise how Eskimos and Inuit used masks. The sustenance, mythology, soul concepts, even the language[9] of the different communities were often very different. Early masksArcheological masks have been found from early Paleo-Eskimo and from early Dorset culture period.[2] It is believed that these masks served several functions including being in rituals representing animals in personalized form;[10] being used by shaman in ceremonies relating to spirits (as in the case of a wooden mask from southwestern Alaska);[11] it is also suggested that they could be worn during song contest ceremonials.[12] Associated beliefsAlthough beliefs about unity between human and animal did not extend to that of absolute interchangeability,[13] several Eskimo peoples had sophisticated soul concepts (including variants of soul dualism) that linked living humans, their ancestors, and their prey.[14][15] Besides synchronical beliefs, there were also notions of unity between human and animal, and myths about an ancient time when the animal could take on human form at will.[10][16] Traditional transformation masks reflected this unity.[17] Ritual ceremonies could enable the community to enact these stories with the help of masks, sometimes with the masked person representing the animal. Yup'ik masksThe Yup'ik people are Eskimos of Western Alaska whose masks vary enormously but are characterised by great invention. They differ in size from forehead and finger 'maskettes' to enormous constructions that dancers need external supports to perform with.[18] Many of these masks were used almost as stage props, some which imbued the dancer with the spirit that they represented - and most were often destroyed after use. Others represented animal people, (yuit), and insects, berries, plants, ice and objects of everyday life.[18] NoteEskimo groups comprise a huge area stretching from Siberia through Alaska and Northern Canada (including Nunatsiavut in Labrador and Nunavik in Quebec) to Greenland. The term Eskimo has fallen out of favour in Canada and Greenland, where it is considered pejorative and the term Inuit has become more common. However, Eskimo is still considered acceptable among Alaska Natives of Yupik and Inupiat (Inuit) heritage, and is preferred over Inuit as a collective reference. See also{{Commons category|Yupik masks}}
References1. ^Fienup-Riordan 1994: 206 2. ^1 Hessel & Hessel 1998: 12–13 3. ^Kleivan 1985:8 4. ^Rasmussen 1965:366 (ch. XXIII) 5. ^Rasmussen 1965:166 (ch. XIII) 6. ^Rasmussen 1965:110 (ch. VIII) 7. ^Mauss 1979 8. ^Kleivan 1985:26 9. ^Lawrence Kaplan: Comparative Yupik and Inuit {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306132554/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/yupik_inuit.html |date=2008-03-06 }} (found on the site of Alaska Native Language Center {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123172349/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/index.html |date=2009-01-23 }}) 10. ^1 Oosten 1997: 90–91 11. ^Burch & Forman 1988: 90–91 12. ^Burch & Forman 1988: 30–31 13. ^Oosten 1997: 99 14. ^Oosten 1997: 86 15. ^Vitebsky 1996:14 16. ^Barüske 1969: 7, 9 17. ^Thomas 2008: +4 (= third page after the opening page of the article) 18. ^1 The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks; Ann Feinup-Riordan; University of Washington Press, Seattle 1996. {{ISBN|0-295-97501-6}} Further reading
7 : Ritual masks|Eskimos|Inuit culture|Inuit art|Inuit shamanism|Indigenous woodcarving of the Americas|Masks in the Americas |
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