| 词条 | Mate Boban | ||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Mate Boban |image = |imagesize = |caption = |order = |office = 1st President of Herzeg-Bosnia |primeminister = Jadranko Prlić |term_start = 18 November 1991 |term_end = 8 February 1994 |predecessor = Office established |successor = Krešimir Zubak |order2 = |office2 = 4th President of the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina |term_start2 = 14 November 1992 |term_end2 = 10 July 1994 |predecessor2 = Milenko Brkić |successor2 = Dario Kordić |birth_date = {{birth date|1940|02|12|df=y}} |birth_place = Sovići, Banovina of Croatia, Kingdom of Yugoslavia |death_date = {{death date and age|1997|07|07|1940|02|12|df=y}} |death_place = Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina |restingplace = Gorica, Grude, Bosnia and Herzegovina |party = Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina |otherparty = League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1958–1990) |profession = Politician Economist |awards = Order of Nikola Šubić Zrinski{{-}}Order of Ante Starčević{{-}}Homeland's Gratitude Medal{{-}}Homeland War Memorial Medal }} Mate Boban ({{IPA-sh|mǎːte bǒban|pron}}; 12 February 1940 – 7 July 1997) was a Bosnian Croat politician and one of the founders of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, an unrecognized entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina. Boban was the 1st President of Herzeg-Bosnia from 1991 until 1994. From 1992 to 1994 he was the President of Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He died in 1997. Pre-war lifeMate Boban was born on 12 February 1940 in a large family in Sovići in the Municipality of Grude in Herzegovina, to Stjepan and Iva Boban. He finished elementary school in Sovići and later he attended seminary in Zadar. After second grade he moved to a high school in Široki Brijeg, and eventually graduated in Vinkovci. In 1958, Boban joined the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. He attended the Faculty of Economics in Zagreb where he became a master of science. After a shorter stay in Grude, he was employed in Imotski where he became the director of the "Napredak" trading company.[1] On charges of business fraud, Boban spent two and a half years in a remand prison in Split. He later called it a show trial and said that the reason for his imprisonment was Croatian nationalism. In late 1980s he was the head of the Tobacco Factory Zagreb branch in Herzegovina. In 1990 he joined the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH) and was elected to the parliament in the 1990 election. In March 1991, Boban became the vice president of the HDZ BiH.[1] As vice president, Boban said in April 1991 that HDZ BiH and the Croat people as a whole advocate the view that Bosnia and Herzegovina is sovereign and indivisible.{{sfn|Lučić|2008|p=122}} President of Herzeg-Bosnia (1991–1994){{see also|Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia|Bosnian War|Croat–Bosniak War}}In March 1991 the Croatian War of Independence began. In October 1991 the Croat village of Ravno in Herzegovina was attacked and destroyed by JNA forces before turning south towards the besieged Dubrovnik.{{sfn|Marijan|2004|p=255}} These were the first Croat casualties in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnian president Alija Izetbegović did not react to the attack on Ravno and gave a televised proclamation of neutrality, stating that "this is not our war".{{sfn|Krišto|2011|p=43}}{{sfn|Shrader|2003|p=25}} The leadership of Bosnia and Herzegovina initially showed willingness to remain in a rump Yugoslavia, but later advocated for a unified Bosnia and Herzegovina.{{sfn|Krišto|2011|p=43}} The Croat leadership started organizing a defense in areas with a Croat majority.{{sfn|Krišto|2011|p=44}} On 12 November 1991, Boban chaired a meeting with local party leaders of the HDZ BiH, together with Dario Kordić. It was decided that Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina should institute a policy to bring about "our age-old dream, a common Croatian State" and should call for a proclamation of a Croatian banovina as the "initial phase leading towards the final solution of the Croatian question and the creation of sovereign Croatia within its ethnic and historical borders".{{sfn|Kordić & Čerkez Appeals Judgement|2004|p=193}} On 18 November 1991, Croat representatives established the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia in Mostar as a "political, cultural, economic and territorial whole". Boban was chosen as its president.{{sfn|Krišto|2011|p=44}} The decision on its establishment stated that the Community will "respect the democratically elected government of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina for as long as exists the state independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in relation to the former, or any other, Yugoslavia".{{sfn|Marijan|2004|p=259}} One of Boban's advisers stated that Herzeg-Bosnia was only a temporary measure and that the entire area will be an integral part of Bosnia and Herzegovina when the war ends.{{sfn|Malcolm|1995|p=318}} When asked why was Herzeg-Bosnia proclaimed, Boban answered:{{sfn|Lučić|2008|p=135}} {{quote|Proud Bosnia ceased to be proud. Evil is circulating through its roads, railways, air waves. It is occupied. The Croatian people, a proud people, had to do something to not participate in that, to make it clear they don't want it.}}The HDZ BiH was not unanimous regarding the political organization of the country. Its president, Stjepan Kljuić, opposed the move by Boban.{{sfn|Krišto|2011|p=44}} On 27 December 1991, the leadership of the HDZ of Croatia and of HDZ BiH held a meeting in Zagreb chaired by Croatian president Franjo Tuđman. They discussed Bosnia and Herzegovina's future, their differences in opinion on it, and the creation of a Croatian political strategy. At the beginning of the meeting, Boban said that, in the event of Bosnia and Herzegovina's disintegration, Herzeg-Bosnia should be proclaimed "an independent Croatian territory and merged with the Croatian state, but at a time and at a moment when the Croatian leadership … decides that this time and this moment are ripe."{{sfn|Krišto|2011|p=45}} Kljuić, on the other hand, favoured a unified Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Bosniak line. He was criticized by Tuđman for acceding to Izetbegović's policies and Bosniak interests.{{sfn|Krišto|2011|p=47}} Largely due to the support of the Croatian leadership, Boban's branch of the party prevailed.{{sfn|Mrduljaš|2009|p=830}} Kljuić resigned from his position as president of HDZ BiH in February 1992, at a meeting of the party in Široki Brijeg.{{sfn|Vranić|2014|p=42}} He was replaced with Milenko Brkić.{{sfn|Almond|2003|p=203}} Following the declaration of independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bosnian War began. A Croat–Bosniak alliance was formed in the beginning of the war, but over time there were notable breakdowns of it.{{sfn|Christia|2012|p=154}} On 8 April 1992, the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) was founded as the official military of Herzeg-Bosnia. Mate Boban said that it was formed because "thirteen Croatian villages in the municipality of Trebinje—including Ravno—were destroyed and the Bosnian government did nothing thereafter".{{sfn|Shrader|2003|p=25}} Boban met with Radovan Karadžić, president of Republika Srpska, on 6 May 1992 in Graz, Austria where they reached an agreement for a ceasefire. They discussed the details of the demarcation between a Croat and Serb territorial unit in Bosnia and Herzegovina and stressed the need for further negotiations together with the European Community.{{sfn|Krišto|2011|p=49-50}} However, the conflict continued and on the following day the JNA and Bosnian Serb forces mounted an attack on Croat-held positions in Mostar.{{sfn|CIA|2002|p=156}} Boban believed that "the Serbs are our brothers in Christ, but the Muslims are nothing to us, apart from the fact that for hundreds of years they raped our mothers and sisters."{{sfn|Jergović|June–August 1997}}{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=29}} Boban's policies were opposed by the far-right Croatian Party of Rights (HSP). The president of HSP, Dobroslav Paraga, advocated a Greater Croatia with borders on the Drina River and said that any other policy "would be a disaster for both Croat and Muslim people".{{sfn|Marijan|2004|p=270}} In September 1992, Boban said that "We want an independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, a joint state of three nations in which, like others, Croats will be sovereign".{{sfn|Mrduljaš|2008|p=865}} In October 1992 he emphasized that Bosnia and Herzegovina should consist of three constituent units that would be split into several regions.{{sfn|Mrduljaš|2008|p=861}} On 14 November, Boban became the president of HDZ BiH.{{sfn|Mrduljaš|2009|p=830}} Throughout late 1992, tensions between Croats and Bosniaks increased and in early 1993 the Croat–Bosniak War fully escalated.{{sfn|Christia|2012|p=157-158}} Clashes spread in central Bosnia, particularly in the Lašva Valley.{{sfn|Tanner|2001|p=290}} In late July 1993 the Owen-Stoltenberg Plan was proposed by U.N. mediators Thorvald Stoltenberg and David Owen that would organize Bosnia and Herzegovina into a union of three ethnic republics.{{sfn|Marijan|2004|p=261}} On 28 August, in accordance with the Owen-Stoltenberg peace proposal, the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia was proclaimed in Grude as a "republic of the Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina".{{sfn|Klemenčić|Pratt|Schofield|1994|p=57-59}} However, it was not recognised by the Bosnian government.{{sfn|Owen-Jackson|2015|p=74}} In February 1994, Boban resigned as president of Herzeg-Bosnia and was replaced by Krešimir Zubak. The Washington Agreement was signed in March that ended hostilities between Croats and Bosniaks. Under pressure from the international circles, Boban announced his withdrawal from politics. Dario Kordić replaced him as president of HDZ BiH.[1]{{sfn|Vranić|2014|p=42}} In May 2013, the ICTY, in a first-instance verdict against Jadranko Prlić, found that Boban took part in the joint criminal enterprise against the non-Croat population of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[2] Last yearsAfter the Washington accords ended the existence of Herzeg-Bosnia, Boban went into retirement. On 4 July 1997 he suffered a stroke and died three days later at a hospital in Mostar.[3] Radio Television Republika Srpska lamented that "one of the great warriors against the expansion of Islam in Europe has died".{{sfn|Jergović|June–August 1997}} Streets named for Mate Boban
Honours
Notes{{commons category}}1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/biografije/mate-boban-209|title=Mate Boban|publisher=Večernji list|date=}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/sid/11324|title=TPIY: Six Senior Herceg-Bosna Officials Convicted|publisher=ICTY|accessdate=24 August 2015}} 3. ^{{cite news|date=14 October 2000|title=Bosnia war: Main players|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/969131.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=23 May 2006}} References{{Refbegin|2}}
| last = Christia | first = Fotini | title = Alliance Formation in Civil Wars | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-13985-175-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=psYgAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover | ref = harv
| last = Jergović | first = Miljenko | title = Mate Boban 1940-1997 : Karadzic's 'brother in Christ' | journal = Bosnia Report | publisher = Bosnian Institute | date = June–August 1997 | number = 19 | url = http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/junaug97/boban.cfm | ref = {{harvid|Jergović|June–August 1997}}
| last1 = Klemenčić | first1 = Mladen | last2 = Pratt | first2 = Martin | last3 = Schofield | first3 = Clive H. | title = Territorial Proposals for the Settlement of the War in Bosnia-Hercegovina | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V9DtlRfO6JMC | publisher = IBRU | year = 1994 | isbn=9781897643150 | ref = harv
| last = Owen-Jackson | first = Gwyneth | year = 2015 | title = Political and Social Influences on the Education of Children: Research from Bosnia and Herzegovina | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | isbn = 9781317570141 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CrXhCgAAQBAJ | ref = harv
| last = Ramet | first = Sabrina P. | year = 2006 | title = The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005 | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington | isbn = 978-0-253-34656-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&printsec=frontcover | ref = harv
| last = Tanner | first = Marcus | title = Croatia: A Nation Forged in War | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-300-09125-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sfcpsAoSoewC&printsec=frontcover | ref = harv
11 : 1940 births|1997 deaths|People from Grude|Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina politicians|Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Croatian nationalists|Politicians of the Bosnian War|Politicians of the Croatian Republic of Herceg-Bosna|Order of Ante Starčević recipients|Order of Nikola Šubić Zrinski recipients|Homeland War Memorial Medal recipients |
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