| 词条 | Maurice Michael Otunga |
| 释义 |
| type = Cardinal | honorific-prefix = Servant of God His Eminence | name = Maurice Michael Otunga | honorific-suffix = | title = Archbishop Emeritus of Nairobi | image = | caption = | church = Roman Catholic Church | province = | archdiocese = Nairobi | diocese = | see = Nairobi | metropolis = Nairobi | enthroned = | appointed = 24 October 1971 | term = | ended = 14 May 1997 | predecessor = John Joseph McCarthy | successor = Raphael S. Ndingi Mwana a'Nzeki | ordination = 3 October 1950 | ordained_by = Pietro Fumasoni Biondi | consecration = 25 February 1957 | consecrated_by = James Robert Knox | cardinal = 5 March 1973 | created_cardinal_by = Pope Paul VI | rank = Cardinal-Priest | other_post = Cardinal-Priest of San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane (1973-2003) | birth_name = Maurice Michael Otunga | birth_date = January 1923 | birth_place = Chebukwa, Bungoma, Kenya | death_date = 6 September 2003 (aged 80) | death_place = Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya | previous_post = {{unbulleted list|Titular Bishop of Tacape (1956-60)|Auxiliary Bishop of Kisumu (1956-60)|Bishop of Kisii (1960-69)|Military Vicar of Kenya (1964-86)|Titular Archbishop of Bomarza (1969-71)|Coadjutor of Nairobi (1969-71)|President of the Kenyan Episcopal Conference (1970-76)|Military Ordinary of Kenya (1981-97)}} | nationality = | religion = | residence = | occupation = | profession = | alma_mater = Pontifical Urban University | signature = | emeritus = | coat_of_arms = | motto = Per ipsum et cum ipso et in ipso ("Through Him, with Him, and in Him") | feast_day = | venerated = Roman Catholic Church | saint_title = Servant of God | beatified_date = | beatified_place = | beatified_by = | canonized_date = | canonized_place = | canonized_by = | attributes = | patronage = | shrine = | suppressed_date = }}{{infobox cardinalstyles| image=Template-Cardinal (Metropolitan Archbishop).svg| cardinal name=Maurice Otunga| dipstyle=His Eminence| offstyle=Your Eminence| relstyle=| deathstyle=Servant of God| See=Nairobi (Emeritus)}} {{Ordination| ordained deacon by = | date of diaconal ordination = | place of diaconal ordination = | ordained priest by = Pietro Fumasoni Biondi | date of priestly ordination = 3 October 1950 | place of priestly ordination = Rome, Italy | consecrated by = James Robert Knox | co-consecrators = Frederick Hall + John Joseph McCarthy | date of consecration = 25 February 1957 | place of consecration = Kakamega, Kenya | elevated by = Pope Paul VI | date of elevation = 5 March 1973 | sources = | bishop 1 = Urbanus Joseph Kioko | consecration date 1 = 7 October 1973 | bishop 2 = Silas Silvius Njiru | consecration date 2 = 1 January 1976 | bishop 3 = Colin Cameron Davies, M.H.M. | consecration date 3 = 27 February 1977 | bishop 4 = John Christopher Mahon, S.P.S. | consecration date 4 = 25 April 1978 | bishop 5 = Zacchaeus Okoth | consecration date 5 = 30 April 1978 | bishop 6 = Nicodemus Kirima | consecration date 6 = 14 May 1978 | bishop 7 = Ambrogio Ravasi, I.M.C. | consecration date 7 = 18 October 1981 | bishop 8 = Erkolano Lodu Tombe | consecration date 8 = 28 November 1986 | bishop 9 = Joseph Mairura Okemwa | consecration date 9 = 21 July 1995 | bishop 10 = Alfred Kipkoech Arap Rotich | consecration date 10 = 3 July 1996 }}Maurice Michael Otunga (January 1923 – 6 September 2003) was a Kenyan Roman Catholic prelate and cardinal who served as the Archbishop of Nairobi from 1971 until his resignation in 1997.[1][2] Pope Paul VI elevated him into the cardinalate in 1973 as the Cardinal-Priest of San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane. Otunga was the son of a tribal chief and denied taking his father's place so as to pursue a path to the priesthood after completing his studies at home and in Rome. He was made a bishop in the 1950s and then transferred to a new diocese at its head; he later was transferred to Nairobi and was a participant in the Second Vatican Council.[1][2][3] Otunga was known for his vehement opposition to the use of condoms and twice in the 1990s burnt boxes of condoms before the faithful. He explained that contraception was in breach of Christian teaching and was in opposition to Humanae Vitae issued in 1968. He was also a vocal critic of abortion and was critical of priests who involved themselves in social and political controversies.[4] His cause of canonization has commenced and he has been titled as a Servant of God.[1] LifeChildhood and conversionMaurice Michael Otunga was born in 1923 to Wasike Lusweti Sudi (a pagan and chieftain of the Bakhome (or Bukusu) tribe) and Rosa Namisi.[1] His father had about 70 wives and children with each and taught Otunga the basic tenets of their traditional religion.[3][2] He was given the name "Otunga" which meant a staff the old lean on for support. But his original name was "Odunga" but changed to "Otunga" since the Lubukusu language had no "D" sound to it. But this was his second name: his father had called him this because he felt it was better than the name his mother had chosen for him. Rosa named her infant son "Simiyu" upon his birth.[4] His half-brother was Peter Nabangi. He converted to Roman Catholicism and received baptized in 1935 (from Fr. Leo Pulaert) where he was given the name "Maurice Michael". His father was later baptized in 1963 and his mother also later in 1965. Otunga received his Confirmation on 29 September 1939 from the Servant of God Bishop Joseph Shanahan.[3] Education and priesthoodHe studied at Mill High School in Kibabii from 1931 to 1933 and later at another school in Sijei from 1933 to 1934. He finished his studies at Mang'u High School in Kabaa from 1934 to 1935 before obtaining a licentiate in his theological studies in September 1951.[1] He began his ecclesial studies in Kakamega where he began both his philosophical and theological studies which he finished at the Gaba ecclesial school in Kampala in Uganda. He refused to become his tribe's chieftain after his father resigned from the position in 1947.[2] He transferred to Rome and was a student at the Pontifical Urban from 1947 until 1950.[2] It was there in Rome that he was ordained to the priesthood on 3 October 1950. He also obtained his theological doctorate in Rome after finishing his further studies which spanned from 1950 to 1951.[1] He travelled in Europe for several months in 1951 and visited northern Italian cities before going to Paris and Lourdes in France and then to England and Ireland. Upon his return to his homeland he served in the theological department as a professor from 1951 until 1954 at the ecclesial school in Kisumu while he also served as the vice-chancellor of the diocesan curia. He served also as the private aide to James Robert Knox from 1954 until his appointment to the episcopate in 1956. In 1956 he was assigned to serve as a pastor at the Makupa parish in Nairobi.[2] EpiscopateThe decisive moment in his priesthood came after Pope Pius XII nominated him to the episcopate; he was made the Titular Bishop of Tacape and received his episcopal consecration from Knox a couple of months later in Kakamega.[2] Pope John XXIII later transferred Otunga to the new Diocese of Kisii. Otunga attended the four sessions of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) and was promoted as the Titular Archbishop of Bomarza in 1969. Later on 15 November 1969 another decisive moment came when Pope Paul VI nominated him as the Coadjutor Bishop of Nairobi. This meant that he would succeed the current archbishop as its head upon his resignation. He succeeded as the Archbishop of Nairobi on 24 October 1971. He served as the Vice-President of the Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa (AMECEA) and a member of the permanent committee of the Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM). He also participated in various episcopal assemblies that the pope convoked in Rome. CardinalateOn 5 March 1973 he was created and proclaimed a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane. He attended the two episcopal assembles the pope called in Rome both in 1974 and 1977. He also participated in the papal conclave of August 1978 and the conclave of October 1978 that saw the elections of Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II. Otunga also participated in other episcopal assembles in Rome both in 1980 and 1994. In 1994 in Rome he stated to the world's bishops: {{Quote|"Peoples on the move cannot be ignored. The displaced persons in Kenya are those citizens rendered homeless on account of tribal violence. Urbanization is another major cause. The victims of discrimination, I think, are particularly those citizens who have to move from place to place in search of employment and this may be due to nepotism, religious discrimination or corruption in the administration of the country. For these people it is difficult to establish stable contacts. For those who already believe, many are in great danger of losing their faith. It becomes more difficult when the situation is politically originated and perpetuated as is the case in Kenya now. Here the bishops have exercised their prophetic role and have spoken out to the government. It is not easy".[5]}}Otunga lived in modest conditions and eschewed much of the trappings that came with the episcopal office; he even drove in his own Peugeot 304. He often visited President Daniel Arap Moi to urge him to implement democratic reforms and disapproved of priests becoming involved in social or political controversies.[1] He sought to promote and encourage diocesan vocations and he invited religious congregations to settle and work in Nairobi.[3] He served on various departments in the Roman Curia as is the norm for a cardinal. Those appointments were:
Resignation and deathIn 1991 he fell ill and failed to secure his resignation from Pope John Paul II. The pope instead decided to appoint a coadjutor bishop who would have the right of succession in case Otunga either died or otherwise.[3] In 1992 he suffered a stroke and sent a second resignation letter which was accepted in 1997; after he retired he moved into an aged care home and lost his power to vote in papal conclaves after he had turned 80. Otunga died on 6 September 2003 at 6:45am of cardiac arrest in the intensive care unit of the Mater Misericordiae Hospital in Nairobi. Otunga had been hospitalized there for about two months.[4] The funeral was celebrated on 19 September in Nairobi.[3] His remains were interred in Nairobi at Saint Austin's in Msongari which was a traditional burial ground for priests or deacons.[2] He was the highest in rank to be interred there.[1] His remains were later transferred to the Karen's Resurrection Gardens on 24 August 2005 at 1:00pm. His remains were relocated in secret after his old Bukusu tribe argued the move would bring about a curse.[6] StreetIn late 2016 the government named a street in Nairobi in his honor: "Cardinal Otunga Road".[7] Beatification processIn 2005 plans were announced to consider and launch the cause for the late cardinal's beatification; national bishops made their "ad limina apostolorum" visit to Rome in November 2007 and sought advice on the matter from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. The formal petition to the cause was made to Cardinal John Njue on 30 October 2009 and Njue wrote on 6 November to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints requesting their approval to initiate the cause.[3] The latter voiced their assent declaring "nihil obstat" (no objections) on 1 March 2010 and titled Otunga as a Servant of God. Njue announced the cause would open on 6 August 2010 but did not set the date for its opening at that point. The diocesan process opened in Nairobi on 11 November 2011 and spoke to 171 witnesses in total while collecting 23, 995 pages of documentation regarding the cardinal's life and works.[8][9] This diocesan investigation closed on 28 September 2013. The documents were sealed in boxes and handed over to the papal nuncio Charles Daniel Balvo for transferral to the C.C.S. in Rome.[8] The C.C.S. validated this process on 9 May 2014.[10] The first postulator for this cause died on 12 August 2012. The current postulator is Dr. Waldery Hilgeman (since 1 September 2012) and the current vice-postulator is the Xaverian Br. Reginald Cruz (since 2 September 2012).[3] ViewsCondomsOn 31 August 1996 (before 250 faithful) he burned condoms in Uhuru Park as part of his campaigning against the use of condoms. He deemed them to be against the teachings of the Church and more so an affront to Humanae Vitae which Pope Paul VI had issued in 1968.[11] Otunga urged people to exercise abstinence instead and affirmed that contraception did not solve the HIV/AIDS crisis. He also met with local Islamic leaders for ceremonial bonfires to burn condoms in public.[1] One such public bonfire was on 19 August 1995 in which he joined the Imam of Nairobi's Jamia Mosque Sheikh Ali Shee in burning condoms and sex education literature. Family planningOtunga criticized family planning activists and sought to have them desist from interfering with family life. He criticized them in the following words: {{Quote|"The gospel of family planning and birth control has come into Africa in a big way so that couples who can afford to take care of ten children now prefer adding the latest Mercedes Benz model to their stock of cars to having an additional child!"[12]}}AbortionOtunga was a strong critic of abortion and said that human life remained sacred from the moment of conception until natural death. EducationOtunga supported President Moi's reforms in ending the sexual education curriculum in schools.[1] IslamAmin al-Hinawi (on 14 January 1993) issued a sharp criticism that Otunga made regarding warnings against the expansion of Islam in Africa. The Church clarified that the cardinal was misinterpreted and had been speaking out against "Islamic fundamentalism" which he perceived to be on the rise rather than the Islamic religion itself. Otunga had once made an assertion that Muhammad as the last prophet was based on a lie since Jesus Christ was the last prophet. These remarks caused considerable debate and incense among Muslims.[13] The assistant minister Sharif Nassir on 7 January 1987 requested Otunga to read and understand the Quran to better work for interreligious dialogue. References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{citeweb|url=https://catholicsaints.info/cardinal-maurice-michael-otunga/|publisher=Saints SQPN|date=22 September 2016|title=Cardinal Maurice Michael Otunga|accessdate=16 November 2017}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=https://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1973.htm|title=Consistory of March 5, 1973 (IV)|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|author=Salvador Miranda|date=|accessdate=16 November 2017}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{citeweb|title=Biography|date=|accessdate=16 November 2017|publisher=Cardinal Otunga|url=http://www.cardinalotunga.org/index.php/ct-menu-item-3}} 4. ^1 2 {{citeweb|url=http://opusdei.or.ke/en-ke/article/the-servant-of-god-maurice-cardinal-otunga/|title=The Servant of God, Maurice Cardinal Otunga|date=|publisher=Opus Dei|accessdate=16 November 2017}} 5. ^{{citeweb|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/kenya/otunga_michael.html|title=Otunga, Michael Maurice|publisher=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|date=2005|accessdate=10 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071203/http://www.dacb.org/stories/kenya/otunga_michael.html|archive-date=18 May 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 6. ^{{citeweb|url=http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/133859/posts|title=Row erupts over Cardinal Otunga reburial|date=10 February 2005|author=Nick Carraway|accessdate=16 November 2017|publisher=Free Republic}} 7. ^{{citeweb|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/11/24/nairobi_street_named_after_cardinal_otunga/1274508|title=Nairobi Street named after Cardinal Otunga|date=24 November 2017|accessdate=16 November 2017|publisher=Vatican Radio}} 8. ^1 {{citeweb|publisher=Standard Digital|date=5 October 2013|accessdate=16 November 2017|author=Martin Mutua|title=Key team about to end probe that could see Cardinal Maurice Otunga declared saint|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000094922/key-team-about-to-end-probe-that-could-see-cardinal-maurice-otunga-declared-saint}} 9. ^{{citeweb|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/inquiry_into_beatification_of_cardinal_otunga_begins_in_nairobi|title=Inquiry into beatification of Cardinal Otunga begins in Nairobi|date=13 September 2009|accessdate=16 November 2017|publisher=Catholic News Agency}} 10. ^{{citeweb|publisher=Daily Nation|title=Cardinal Otunga on course to be first Kenyan-born saint|date=23 May 2015|accessdate=16 November 2017|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/Cardinal-Otunga-Sainthood-Catholic-Church/1056-27227674-26s3pp/index.html}} 11. ^{{citeweb|publisher=The Standard|date=25 October 2006|url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/print/news.php?articleid=http://www.eastandard.net/InsidePage.php?id=1143960063|title=Catholics not about to allow use of the condom}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 12. ^{{citebook|title=The Right to Know: Human Rights and Access to Reproductive Health and Information|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|first=|last=|date=1994|accessdate=16 November 2017}} 13. ^{{citebook|first=Arye|last=Oded|title=Islam and Politics in Kenya|date=2000|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.|accessdate=16 November 2017}} External links
17 : 1923 births|2003 deaths|20th-century cardinals|20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops|21st-century cardinals|21st-century venerated Christians|Alumni of Mang'u High School|Anti-contraception activists|Bishops appointed by Pope Pius XII|Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI|Kenyan anti-abortion activists|Kenyan cardinals|Bishops of Nairobi|People from Bungoma County|Participants in the Second Vatican Council|Pontifical Urbaniana University alumni|Servants of God |
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