| 词条 | Dehomag |
| 释义 |
BackgroundThe technology of punched cards dates back to the 18th century when it was used for mass production of woven textiles and later used as a recording and playback system in player pianos. The use of punched cards for recording and tabulating data was first proposed and used by Semen Korsakov around 1805. In 1832 Charles Babbage proposed using similar cards to program and to store computations for his calculating engine. Punched card technology was further developed for data-processing by Herman Hollerith from the 1880s. It was used for the 1890 United States Census and for the census work of several foreign governments.[3] HistoryWilly Heidinger, an acquaintance of Hollerith, licensed all of Hollerith’s The Tabulating Machine Company patents in 1910, and created Dehomag in Germany.[4] In 1911 The Tabulating Machine Company was amalgamated (via stock acquisition) with three others, creating a fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR).[5][6] In 1923 CTR acquired 90% ownership of Dehomag, thus acquiring patents developed by them.[7] In 1924 CTR was renamed IBM.[8]HolocaustAs an IBM subsidiary, Dehomag became the main provider of computing expertise and equipment in Nazi Germany.[6] Dehomag gave the German government the means for two official censuses of the population after 1933 and for searching its data.[9] It gave the Nazis a way of tracing Jews and dissidents using the powerful automated search tools using the IBM machines. It enabled them to search databases rapidly and efficiently, and the methods were used throughout occupied Europe by the Gestapo and others to locate and arrest its victims, so contributing to the Holocaust.[10][11] Dehomag leased and maintained the German government's punched card machines.[6] Dehomag general manager for Germany, Hermann Rottke, reported to IBM President Thomas J. Watson in New York.[10][11] It was legal for IBM to conduct business with Germany directly until America entered the war in December 1941.[12] IBM New York established a special subsidiary in General Government, Watson Business Machines, to deal with railway traffic there during the Holocaust in Poland.[10][11] The German Transport Ministry used IBM machines under the New York-controlled subsidiary in Warsaw, not the German subsidiary. Watson Business Machines operated a punch card printing shop near the Warsaw Ghetto. The punch cards bore the indicia of the German subsidiary Dehomag.[10][11][13] Leon Krzemieniecki, the last surviving person involved in the administration of the rail transportation to Auschwitz and Treblinka, stated he knew the punched card machines were not German machines, because the labels were in English. Income from the machines leased in General Government was sent through Geneva to IBM in New York.[10][11][12] See also
References1. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/03/26/final-solutions/ |title=Final Solutions |last=Black |first=Edwin |date=March 26, 2002 |work=Village Voice |accessdate=October 23, 2017}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Black|first=Edwin|title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. |date=2002|publisher=Time Warner Paperbacks|location=Washington, DC|page=541|isbn=0751531995|}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Black|first=Edwin|title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition|date=2012|publisher=Dialog Press|location=Washington, DC|page=25|isbn=978-0914153276|edition=2.}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Black|first=Edwin|title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition|date=2012|publisher=Dialog Press|location=Washington, DC|page=30|isbn=978-0914153276|edition=2.}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Black|first=Edwin|title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition|date=2012|publisher=Dialog Press|location=Washington, DC|page=31|isbn=978-0914153276|edition=2.}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-a-centenarians-imperfect-but-impressive-recall-2011-7 |title=IBM: A Centenarian’s Imperfect But Impressive Recall |last=Elkin |first=Larry M. |date=July 6, 2011 |work=Tech Insider |publisher=Business Insider |accessdate=October 1, 2017}} 7. ^{{cite book | last = Aspray (ed.) |first = William | title = Computing Before Computers |publisher = Iowa State University Press | year = 1990 |isbn = 0-8138-0047-1 |page = 137}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Black|first=Edwin|title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition|date=2012|publisher=Dialog Press|location=Washington, DC|page=44|isbn=978-0914153276|edition=2.}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Black|first1=Edwin|title=IBM and the Holocaust : the strategic alliance between Nazi Germany and America's most powerful corporation|date=2001|publisher=Crown Publishers|location=New York|isbn=0609607995|edition=1.}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last=Black|first=Edwin|title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition|date=2012|publisher=Dialog Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0914153276|edition=2.}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/29/humanities.highereducation |title=IBM 'dealt directly with Holocaust organisers' |last=Burkeman |first=Oliver |date=March 29, 2002 |work=The Guardian |publisher=guardian.co.uk |accessdate=August 24, 2017}} 12. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/The-business-of-making-the-trains-to-Auschwitz-2821685.php |title=The business of making the trains to Auschwitz run on time |last=Black |first=Edwin |date=May 19, 2002 |work=SFGate|department=Editorial | publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=October 1, 2017}} 13. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/edwin-black/ibm-holocaust_b_1301691.html |title=IBM’s Role in the Holocaust — What the New Documents Reveal |last=Black |first=Edwin |date=2012 |publisher=Huffington Post |accessdate=October 23, 2017}} Further reading{{commonscat|DEHOMAG}}
External links
4 : IBM subsidiaries|Companies involved in the Holocaust|Companies established in 1910|1910 establishments in Germany |
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