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词条 McKim, Mead & White
释义

  1. History

  2. Selected works

     New York City  New England and New York State  New Jersey  Washington, D.C.  Other U.S. locations  Other countries 

  3. Notable architects of McKim, Mead & White

  4. References

  5. External links

McKim, Mead & White was a prominent American architectural firm that thrived at the turn of the twentieth century. The firm's founding partners were Charles Follen McKim (1847–1909), William Rutherford Mead (1846–1928) and Stanford White (1853–1906). They hired many other architects, partners, associates, designers and draftsmen, who came to prominence during or after their time at the firm.

The firm's New York City buildings include Manhattan's former Pennsylvania Station, the Brooklyn Museum, and the main campus of Columbia University. Elsewhere in New York State and New England, the firm designed college, library, school and other buildings such as the Boston Public Library and Rhode Island State House. In Washington, D.C., the firm renovated the West and East Wings of the White House, and designed Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair and the National Museum of American History. Across the United States, the firm designed buildings in Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington and Wisconsin. Other examples are in Canada, Cuba and Italy.

History

McKim and Mead joined forces in 1872. They were joined in 1879 by White, who, like McKim, had worked for architect Henry Hobson Richardson. Their work applied the principles of Beaux-Arts architecture, the adoption of the classical Greek and Roman stylistic vocabulary as filtered through the Parisian École des Beaux-Arts, and the related City Beautiful movement after 1893 or so. Its vision was to clean up the visual confusion of American cities and imbue them with a sense of order and formality during America's Gilded Age.[1]

According to one scholar, "Running through the world of McKim, Mead & White was a sense of the exploration of life's pleasures. A circle of bisexual and homosexual entertainment can be traced within the office. The circle included Stanford White, [Augustus] Saint Gaudens, Joseph M. Wells, Frank Millet, Whitney Warren, Thomas Hastings and probably [William R.] Mead, and many others."[2]

The firm retained its name long after the deaths of founding partners White (1906), McKim (1909), and Mead (1928).[3]

Among the firm's final works under the name McKim, Mead & White was the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. Designed primarily by partner James Kellum Smith, it opened in 1964.[4]

Smith died in 1961, and the firm was soon renamed Steinmann, Cain and White. In 1971, it became Walker O. Cain and Associates.

Selected works

New York City

Building Location Year Features Image
Villard Houses 451 Madison Avenue, Manhattan 1884
Harvard Club of New York Manhattan 1894
169 West 83rd Street Manhattan 1885 for David H. King, Romanesque revival
Goelet Building 900 Broadway at East 20th Street, Manhattan 1897
Former New York Life Insurance Company BuildingManhattan 1894–98 White marble Renaissance palazzo-style building. MMW took over the commission upon the death of Stephen D. Hatch in 1894.[5]
Madison Square Garden II Madison Square, Manhattan 1890 second of four buildings known by this name; razed in 1925
Century Club New York City 1891
Cable Building 611 Broadway, New York City 1893
West End Collegiate Church West End Avenue, Manhattan 1892 Verify Attribution
Washington Arch Washington Square Park, New York City 1892
Metropolitan Club 1 East 60th St, NYC, New York 1893
Prospect Park Brooklyn, New York 1895–1900 Various features including Parade Place on Lookout Hill, Peristyle, Park Circle granite fixtures, Lullwater Bridge, 1895 Maryland Monument on Lookout Hill
Morningside Heights campus Columbia University 1893–1900 general design and individual buildings including Low Memorial Library, Philosophy Hall, John Jay Hall, Avery Hall, Hamilton Hall
University Heights campus, New York University Bronx 1891–1900 including Hall of Fame for Great Americans 1900, now site of Bronx Community College
Harmonie Club 4 East 60th Street, Manhattan 1905
New York Herald Building Manhattan 1895 razed in 1921
Brooklyn Museum Brooklyn 1895
University Club of New York New York City 1899
Morgan Library & Museum New York City 1903 expanded in 1928
New York Public Library branches New York City 1902-1914 designed 11 branches including Hamilton Grange Branch 1905–1906, 115th Street Branch 1907–1908
IRT Powerhouse New York City 1904
Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument Brooklyn, New York 1908
Knickerbocker Trust Building 60 Broadway, Manhattan 1909 now razed
The Manhattan Municipal Building 1 Centre Street, Manhattan 1909–1915
Pennsylvania Station Manhattan 1910 above-ground portion razed in 1963
998 Fifth Avenue Manhattan 1912
Bellevue Hospital Center Manhattan 1912
James Farley Post Office Manhattan 1913 often regarded as the architectural twin of New York City's Pennsylvania Station
Racquet and Tennis Club Manhattan 1916–1918
Hotel Pennsylvania Manhattan 1919
Town Hall 123 West 43rd Street, Manhattan 1921
110 Livingston Street Brooklyn 1926 former Elks Lodge, former headquarters of New York City Department of Education
Savoy-Plaza Hotel Manhattan 1927 razed in 1965
Liggett Hall Governors Island, New York 1929
DeKalb Hall and Information Science Center Brooklyn 1955
North Hall at Pratt Institute Brooklyn 1957

New England and New York State

Building Location Year Features Image
Newport Casino Newport, Rhode Island 1880
John Howard Whittemore House Naugatuck, Connecticut 1880s [6]
Isaac Bell House Newport, Rhode Island 1881–1883
Cyrus McCormick summer estate, shingle-style Richfield Springs, New York 1882 razed 1957
Emdalar Castle - Tickner EstateSouth Kingstown, Rhode Island1883Restored to its original condition in 2014.
Narragansett Pier Casino Narragansett, Rhode Island 1883
Salem School (Naugatuck, Connecticut) Naugatuck, Connecticut 1884 [6]
Wolf's Head Society, "Old Hall" New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University 1884
Charles J. Osborn Residence Mamaroneck, NY 1885 Mamaroneck Beach and Yacht Club since 1952[7]
"Four Chimneys" Mansion New Rochelle, New York ?
John F. Andrew Mansion, 32 Hereford Street Boston, Massachusetts 1886
William G. Low House Bristol, Rhode Island 1887 epitome of Shingle Style architecture; razed 1962
Algonquin Club Boston 1888
Johnston Gate, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 1889
Fayerweather Hall, Amherst College Amherst, Massachusetts 1890
Walker Art Building, Bowdoin College Brunswick, Maine 1894
Whittemore Memorial Library Naugatuck, Connecticut 1894 [6]
Adams Power Plant Transformer House Niagara Falls, New York 1895
Boston Public Library Boston 1895
Dudley Pickman House, 303 Commonwealth Avenue (Bay Bay) Boston 1895
Reid Hall, Manhattanville College Purchase, New York 1895
Rhode Island State House Providence, Rhode Island 1895–1904
Garden City Hotel Garden City, New York 1895 burned 1899
House for Frederick Vanderbilt, "Hyde Park" Hyde Park 1895–1898
Woodlea Briarcliff Manor, New York 1895 now Sleepy Hollow Country Club
James L. Breese House "The Orchard" Southampton, New York 1897-1906
Rosecliff Newport, Rhode Island 1898–1902
Harbor Hill Long Island, New York 1899–1902 razed 1947
Symphony Hall Boston, Massachusetts 1900
Hill-Stead Museum Farmington, Connecticut 1901 estate of Alfred Atmore Pope, designed with Theodate Pope Riddle
Astor Courts Rhinebeck, New York 1902–1904 estate of John Jacob Astor
Rockefeller Hall, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island 1904 now Faunce House
Naugatuck High School Naugatuck, Connecticut 1904 Hillside Middle School since 1959
Waterbury Union Station 389 Meadow Street, Waterbury, Connecticut 1909 Renaissance Revival style featuring a clock tower modeled on the Torre del Mangia in Siena, Italy[8]
Plymouth Rock portico Plymouth, Massachusetts 1920
Foster Hall, University at Buffalo South Campus Buffalo, New York 1921
Harvard Business School Boston, Massachusetts 1925
Ira Allen Chapel, University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont 1925
Olin Memorial Library, Wesleyan University Middletown, Connecticut 1925
Memorial Chapel, Union College Schenectady, New York 1925
Lincoln Alliance Building Rochester, New York 1926
Rochester Savings Bank Rochester, New York 1927
George Eastman House Museum National Historic Site Rochester, New York c.1903 Mr. Eastman hired McKim, Mead & White to design the interior of his Georgian Colonial Revival Mansion which was nearly an exact, large scale duplicate of the Robert Root House that was built by the firm in Buffalo, New York c.1894 [9]
Burlington City Hall Burlington, Vermont 1928
Levermore Hall, Blodgett Hall, and Woodruff Hall, Adelphi University Garden City, New York 1929
Schenectady City Hall Schenectady, New York 1931–1933
The Little Red Schoolhouse, Amherst College Amherst, Massachusetts 1937
Housatonic Railroad Station[10] U.S. Route 7, Stockbridge, Massachusetts 1893 English Gothic Revival style, stone
New York Central Railroad Station Ardsley Avenue and Hudson Road, Ardsley-on-Hudson 1895 Shingle Style with Tudor and Romanesque Revival elements[10]
Park Lane ApartmentsMount Vernon, New York1929
The Cedars/Lord's Castle RemodelPiermont, New York1892"The original gable ends were stepped, the pointy "Gothick" windows were Edwardianized, the wooden porches reconstructed in stone, the tower on the west capped with a conical roof, the forest of delicate chimney pots combined and bulked up, and the reconfigured interior given heavy doses of classical columns, balusters, dadoes, fireplaces and moldings." [11][12]

New Jersey

Building Location Year Features Image
Florham Campus Fairleigh Dickinson University 1897 originally "Florham," the estate of Hamilton Twombly and Florence Vanderbilt, one of many Vanderbilt houses
Orange Public Library Orange, New Jersey 1901
St. Peter's Episcopal Church Morristown, New Jersey 1889-1913 English-medieval style parish church.
FitzRandolph Gate Princeton, New Jersey 1905 The official entrance of Princeton University
University Cottage Club Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 1906 One of the Eating clubs at Princeton University
Pennsylvania Station Raymond Plaza West at Market Street, Newark, New Jersey 1935 Art Deco style[10]

Washington, D.C.

Building Location Year Features Image
White House, West Wing and East Wing 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. 1903 Renovation
Roosevelt Hall, National War College Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C. 1903–1907
National Museum of American History Washington, D.C. 1964
Patterson Mansion15 Dupont Circle NW1903
St. John's Church, Lafayette Square1525 H St NW, Washington, DC 200051919[https://books.google.com/books?id=qKQKhVMFUAwC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=st.+john%27s+church+lafayette+square+mckim+mead+and+white&source=bl&ots=OJ4AgnxBpj&sig=X5dX_rzV2xxDQvb4HOfFrLwE9uA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWqPS6x5vUAhUr2oMKHa0ADjoQ6AEIQzAF#v=onepage&q=mckim%20mead%20and%20white&f=false Renovation]
Pedestal, Jeanne d'Arc[13]Meridian Hill Park1922Measures about 10 feet long and 6 feet high

Other U.S. locations

Building Location Year Features Image
First Methodist Episcopal Church, Lovely Lane United Methodist Church Baltimore 1884
Cramond Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania 1886
McKelvy House (formerly "Oakhurst"), Lafayette College, College Hill Easton, Pennsylvania 1888 [14]
New York Life Insurance Building Kansas City, Missouri 1890
Open Gates, George Sealy Mansion Galveston, Texas 1891
Germantown Cricket Club Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1891
The Agricultural Building at the World Columbian Exposition Chicago, Illinois 1893
Old Cabell Hall, Cocke Hall, and Rouss Hall, University of Virginia Charlottesville 1898 approx
Savoyard Centre Detroit, Michigan 1900 originally State Savings Bank; National Register of Historic Places 1982
Protection of the Flag Monument Athens, Pennsylvania 1900–1902
English Building, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Champaign, Illinois 1905
Carr's Hill, or University of Virginia President's House Charlottesville, Virginia 1906
Omaha National Bank Building Omaha, Nebraska 1906 originally the New York Life Building, 1889)[15]
Girard Bank Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1908
Fayette National Bank Building Lexington, Kentucky 1914 [16]
Minneapolis Institute of Arts Minneapolis, Minnesota 1915
Peabody Demonstration School Nashville, Tennessee 1915 now University School of Nashville
National McKinley Birthplace Memorial Library and Museum Niles, Ohio 1915
Butler Institute of American Art Youngstown, Ohio 1919 listed on National Register of Historic Places
Cohen Memorial Hall (Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery), Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee 1928 approx
Milwaukee County Courthouse Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1931
Chittenden Hall, University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont 1947
Dietrich Hall, now Steinberg-Dietrich Hall, University of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 1952
University of North Carolina, Chapel HillChapel Hill, North Carolina1929[https://ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu/people/P000029 Expansion of campus]

Other countries

Building Location Year Features Image
Bank of Montreal Head Office Montreal 1901–1905 additions
Bank of Montreal Building Winnipeg, Manitoba 1913
American Academy in Rome Main Building Rome, Italy 1914
Hotel Nacional de Cuba Havana, Cuba 1930

Notable architects of McKim, Mead & White

  • Henry Bacon – worked at the firm from about 1886 through 1897; left with fellow employee James Brite to open their own office.
  • William A. Boring – worked at the firm in 1890 before forming a separate partnership with Edward Lippincott Tilton.
  • Charles Lewis Bowman – a draftsman at the firm until 1922, noted for his large number of private residences throughout Westchester County, New York including Bronxville, Pelham Manor, Mamaroneck and New Rochelle.
  • A. Page Brown - worked with the firm beginning in the 1880s; went to California, where he was known for the San Francisco Ferry Building.
  • Walker O. Cain – worked at the firm; he took it over in 1961 and renamed it several times.
  • J.E.R. Carpenter – worked at the firm for several years before designing much of upper Fifth and Park Avenues, including 907 Fifth Avenue, 825 Fifth Avenue, 625 Park Avenue, 550 Park Avenue and the Lincoln Building on 42nd Street.
  • John Merven Carrère (1858–1911) – worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885, then joined Thomas Hastings to form the firm Carrère and Hastings.
  • Thomas Harlan Ellett (1880–1951).
  • Cass Gilbert – worked with the firm until 1882, when he went to work with James Knox Taylor; later designed many notable structures, among them the George Washington Bridge and the Woolworth Building.
  • Arthur Loomis Harmon – later of Shreve, Lamb and Harmon.
  • Thomas Hastings (1860–1929) – of Carrère and Hastings, worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885.
  • John Galen Howard (1864-1931)
  • John Mead Howells (1868-1959)
  • William Mitchell Kendall (1856 – 1941), worked with the firm from 1882 until his death.
  • Harrie T. Lindeberg – started at the firm in 1895 as an assistant to Stanford White and remained with the firm until White's death in 1906.
  • Austin W. Lord – worked with the firm in 1890-94 on designs for Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences, the Metropolitan Club, and buildings at Columbia University
  • Harold Van Buren Magonigle (1867-1935)
  • Albert Randolph Ross
  • Philip Sawyer (1868-1949)
  • James Kellum Smith (1893–1961) – a member of the firm from 1924 to 1961; full partner in 1929, and the last surviving partner of MM&W. He primarily designed academic buildings, but his last major work was the National Museum of American History.
  • Egerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout – both Tracy and Swartwout worked together for the firm on multiple projects prior to starting their own practice.
  • Edward Lippincott Tilton – helped design the Boston Public Library in 1890 before leaving with Boring.
  • Robert von Ezdorf – took over much of the firm's business after White's death.
  • Joseph M. Wells (1853–1890) – worked as firm's first Chief Draftsman from 1879–90; often considered to be the firm's "fourth partner", and largely responsible for its Renaissance Revival designs in 1880s.
  • William M. Whidden – worked at the firm from at least 1882 until 1888; projects included the Tacoma and Portland hotels in Washington and Oregon, respectively; moved to Portland, Oregon, in 1888 to finish the hotel and established his own firm with Ion Lewis
  • York and Sawyer – Edward York (1863–1928) and Philip Sawyer (1868–1949) worked together for the firm before starting their own partnership in 1898.

References

Notes

1. ^{{citation|last=Broderick|first=Mosette|title=Triumvirate: McKim, Mead & White: Art, Architecture, Scandal, and Class in America's Gilded Age |year=2010}}
2. ^Broderick, Mosette "Triumvirate: McKim, Mead & White Art, Architecture, Scandal, and Class in America's Gilded Age", Knopf, page vii"
3. ^"[Mead's] widow receives all the estate of about $250,000"], New York Times (November 27, 1928); "Mrs. Olga Kilenyi Mead, widow,... bequeathed her entire estate to the trustees of Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts" in New York Times (April 23, 1936). The money was used to build the Mead Art Building, which was designed by James Kellum Smith of McKim, Mead and White.
4. ^{{cite web|title=Mission & History |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |work=National Museum of American History |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/museum/mission-history|accessdate=2018-02-14}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1512.pdf|title=Former New York Life Insurance Building|last=Goeschel|first=Nancy|date=February 10, 1987|website=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 August 2018}}
6. ^1 2 Blackwell, D. and The Naugatuck Historical Society 1996 "Images of Naugatuck". Arcadia Publishing
7. ^Charles J. Osborn Residence
8. ^{{citation|last=Potter|first=Janet Greenstein|title=Great American Railroad Stations|year=1996}}
9. ^ 
10. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title = Great American Railroad Stations|last = Potter|first = Janet Greenstein|publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year = 1996|isbn = 978-0471143895|location = New York|pages = 94, 154, 164}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://piermonthistorysociety.org/castle-history.html|title=Piermont Historical Society|website=piermonthistorysociety.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-29}}
12. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/the-way-they-live/2013/big-old-houses-i-love-this-house|title=Big Old Houses: I Love This House|date=2013-01-08|work=New York Social Diary|access-date=2017-10-29|language=en}}
13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iscUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q=dubois&f=false|title=Art and Archaeology|date=1922|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|language=en}}
14. ^"McKelvy House" on the Council of Independent Colleges Historic Campus Architecture Project website
15. ^Bluffton University Digital Imagine Project
16. ^{{NRHP url|id=80001513}}
http://library.bowdoin.edu/arch/images/lunagallery/libraryluna.shtml


}}Bibliography
  • Baker, Paul R. Stanny: The Gilded Life of Stanford White. New York: Free Press, 1989. {{ISBN|0-02-901781-5}}
  • Broderick, Mosette. Triumvirate: McKim, Mead & White: Art, Architecture, Scandal, and Class in America's Gilded Age New York: Knopf, 2010. {{ISBN|0-394-53662-2}}
  • McKim, Mead & White. A Monograph of the Work of McKim, Mead & White, 1879-1915. New York: Architectural Book Publishing Co., 1915-1920, 4 volumes. Reprinted as The Architecture of McKim, Mead & White in Photographs, Plans and Elevations, with an introduction by Richard Guy Wilson (New York: Dover Publications, 1990). {{ISBN|0486265560}}
  • Roth, Leland M. The Architecture of McKim, Mead & White, 1870-1920: A Building List (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities). Garland Publishing (September 1, 1978). 978-0824098506
  • Roth, Leland M. McKim, Mead and White, Architects. Harper & Row; First edition (October 1985). 978-0064301367

External links

{{Commons category|McKim, Mead & White}}
  • McKim, Mead & White Selected Works 1879 to 1915, published by Princeton Architectural Press, 2018.
  • [https://www.flickr.com/groups/mmw McKim, Mead and White flickr group]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100701033938/http://www.urbansculptures.com/buildingphotos/Plate-51-b.html Randall's Lost New York City] Cable Building is included as a special resource.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070108003534/http://freenet.buffalo.edu/bah/a/archs/mck/ McKim, Mead & White in Buffalo]
  • McKim, Mead, and White
  • McKim, Mead, and White
  • FindaGrave site with photos of gravestone of William and Olga Mead in Rome, Italy
  • FindaGrave site with photos of Joseph M. Wells and his gravestone in Massachusetts
  • McKim, Mead & White Architectural Records Collection at the New-York Historical Society
  • [https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/features/building Brooklyn Museum Building Online Exhibition]
  • [https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/3460633 McKim, Mead & White architectural records and drawings, circa 1879-1958, held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University]
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