| 词条 | Deinotherium |
| 释义 |
| name = Deinotherium | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Middle Miocene|Early Pleistocene}} | image = Deinotherium giganteum skull.JPG | image_width = 250px | image_caption = D. giganteum skull from Oxford University Museum of Natural History | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Mammalia | ordo = Proboscidea | subordo = †Deinotheroidea | familia = †Deinotheriidae | subfamilia = †Deinotheriinae | genus = †Deinotherium | genus_authority = Kaup, 1829 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =D. bozasi (Arambourg, 1934) D. giganteum (Kaup, 1829) D. indicum (Falconer, 1845) D. "thraceiensis" (Kovachev, 1964) D. proavum (Eichwald, 1831) | synonyms =
}} Deinotherium ("terrible beast" derived from the Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|δεινός}}, {{transl|grc|deinos}} meaning "terrible" and {{lang|grc|θηρίον}}, {{transl|grc|therion}} meaning "beast") was a large prehistoric relative of modern-day elephants that appeared in the Middle Miocene and survived until the Early Pleistocene. During that time, it changed very little. In life, it probably resembled modern elephants, except it had downward-curving tusks attached to the lower jaw. Taxonomy and evolutionDeinotherium is the type genus of the family Deinotheriidae, which evolved from the smaller, early Miocene Prodeinotherium. These proboscideans represent a totally distinct line of evolutionary descent to that of other elephants, one that probably diverged very early in the history of the group as a whole. The large group to which elephants belong formerly contained several other related groups; besides the deinotheres, there were the gomphotheres (some of which had shovel-like lower front teeth), and the mastodons. Only elephants survive today. Three species are recognized, all of great size. Deinotherium giganteum is the type species, and is described above. It is primarily a late Miocene species, most common in Europe, and is the only species known from the circum-Mediterranean. Its last reported occurrence is from the middle Pliocene of Romania (2 to 4 million BP). An entire skull, found in the Lower Pliocene beds of Eppelsheim, Hesse-Darmstadt in 1836, was {{convert|1.2|m|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|0.9|m|abbr=on}} wide, indicating an animal exceeding modern elephants in size. D. indicum is the Asian species, known from India and Pakistan. It is distinguished by a more robust dentition and p4-m3 intravalley tubercles. D. indicum appears in the middle Miocene, and is most common in the late Miocene. It disappeared from the fossil record about 7 million years BP (late Miocene). D. bozasi is the African species. It is characterized by a narrower rostral trough, a smaller but higher nasal aperture, a higher and narrower cranium, and a shorter mandibular symphysis than the other two species. D. bozasi appears at the beginning of the late Miocene, and continues there after the other two species had died out elsewhere. The youngest fossils are from the Kanjera Formation, Kenya, about a million years old (early Pleistocene). DescriptionDeinotherium was a large proboscidean. Two adults of D. giganteum are around {{convert|3.6|-|4.0|m|abbr=on}} tall and weighed {{convert|8.8|-|12|t|LT ST}}. This is similar to adult males of D. proavum, one of which weighed {{convert|10.3|t|LT ST}} and was {{convert|3.59|m|abbr=on}} tall. However, both these species are smaller than a 45-year-old male of D. "thraceiensis", at {{convert|4.01|m|abbr=on}} tall and {{convert|13.2|t|LT ST}}.[1]The permanent tooth formula of D. giganteus was 0-0-2-3/1-0-2-3 (deciduous 0-0-3/1-0-3), with vertical cheek tooth replacement. Two sets of bilophodont and trilophodont teeth were present. The molars and rear premolars were vertical shearing teeth, and show that deinotheres became an independent evolutionary branch very early on; the other premolars were used for crushing. The cranium was short, low, and flattened on the top, in contrast to more advanced proboscideans, which have a higher and more domed forehead, with very large, elevated occipital condyles. The nasal opening was retracted and large, indicating a large trunk. The rostrum was long and the rostral fossa broad. The mandibular symphyses (the lower jaw-bone) were very long and curved downward, which, with the backward-curved tusks, is a distinguishing feature of the group; it possessed no upper tusks. Deinotherium is distinguished from its predecessor Prodeinotherium by its much greater size, greater crown dimensions, and reduced development of posterior cingula ornamentation in the second and third molars.[2]PaleoecologyThe way Deinotherium used its curious tusks has been much debated. It may have rooted in soil for underground plant parts like roots and tubers, pulled down branches to snap them and reach leaves, or stripped soft bark from tree trunks. Deinotherium fossils have been uncovered at several of the African sites where remains of prehistoric hominid relatives of modern humans have also been found. Early Pleistocene species of Deinotherium might have also fallen prey to Homotherium, particularly adolescents and calves.[3] DistributionDeinotherium{{'}}s range covered parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Adrienne Mayor, in The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology In Greek and Roman Times, has suggested that deinothere fossils found in Greece helped generate myths of archaic giant beings. A tooth of a deinothere found on the island of Crete, in shallow marine sediments of the Miocene[4] suggests that Crete was closer or connected to the mainland during the Messinian salinity crisis. References1. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Larramendi | first1 = A. | last2 = | first2 = | year = 2016 | title = Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 61 | issue = | pages = | publisher = | jstor = | doi = 10.4202/app.00136.2014 | url = https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app61/app001362014.pdf | format = | accessdate = }} 2. ^Sanders, W. J., 2003, chap 10, Proboscidea, in Mikael Fortelius (ed) Geology and paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey, Columbia University Press, New York 3. ^https://chasingsabretooths.wordpress.com/2017/03/23/deinotheres-for-lunch-a-sabertooths-tough-skinned-diet/ 4. ^Athanassiou, A. 2004. On a Deinotherium (Proboscidea) finding in the Neogene of Crete. Carnets de Géologie/Notebooks on Geology. Further reading
External links{{commons category|Deinotherium}}{{Wikispecies}}
18 : Deinotheriids|Miocene proboscideans|Pliocene proboscideans|Pleistocene proboscideans|Miocene genus first appearances|Pleistocene genus extinctions|Miocene mammals of Africa|Miocene mammals of Europe|Miocene mammals of Asia|Pliocene mammals of Africa|Pliocene mammals of Europe|Pliocene mammals of Asia|Pleistocene mammals of Asia|Pleistocene mammals of Africa|Pleistocene mammals of Europe|Prehistoric mammal genera|Taxa named by Johann Jakob Kaup|Fossil taxa described in 1829 |
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