词条 | Mechelen transit camp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| name = Mechelen transit camp SS-Sammellager Mecheln | type = Transit camp | image = Dossin 2.JPG | image size = 280px | caption = Modern view of Dossin Barracks which housed the transit camp | alt = | location map = Belgium | map alt = | map caption = Location of the camp in Belgium | coordinates = {{coord|51|02|02|N|4|28|42|E|region:BE_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | other names = {{lang|de|SS-Sammellager Mecheln}} | location = Mechelen, Belgium | operated by = Nazi Germany
| original use = Military barracks[1]| construction = 1756 | in operation = July 1942 – September 1944 | gas chambers = | prisoner type = mainly Jews and Roma | inmates = Jews: 24,916[2] Roma: 351[2] | killed = {{circa}}300 (on-site only)[3] | liberated by = Allied Forces, 4 September 1944 | notable inmates = Felix Nussbaum,[4] Abraham Bueno de Mesquita | notable books = | website = {{URL|http://www.kazernedossin.be/en}} }} The Mechelen transit camp, officially SS-Sammellager Mecheln in German, was a detention and deportation camp established in a former army barracks at Mechelen in German-occupied Belgium. It was managed by the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo-SD),[6] a branch of the SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt, in order to collect and deport Jews and Romani mainly out of Belgium towards the labor camp of Heydebreck-Cosel[5] and the concentration camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau in German occupied Poland. During the Second World War, between 4 August 1942 and 31 July 1944, 28 trains left from this Belgian casern and deported over 25,000 Jews and Roma,[2][6] most of whom arrived at the extermination camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau. At the end of war, 1240 of them had survived.[6] Since 1996, a Holocaust museum has been open near the site of the camp: the Kazerne Dossin – Memorial. BackgroundGerman occupation and persecution{{main|German occupation of Belgium during World War II}}Belgium was invaded by Nazi Germany in a rapid military campaign on 10–28 May 1940. It was subsequently placed under a military occupation administration which would endure until July 1944 when the territory briefly passed under a civilian administration, brought to an end by the Liberation of Belgium in September 1944. As early as September 1940, the German administration established a prison camp (Auffanglager) in Fort Breendonk, a former Belgian military fort. Inmates were largely political prisoners, though a number of Jews were also held in a segregated part of the camp. As part of the Final Solution (Endlösung) after January 1942, it was decided to transport Belgian Jews to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe. Mechelen transit campApproximately 90 percent of Belgium's Jewish population lived in the cities of Antwerp and Brussels in 1942. Accordingly Mechelen, a city with a railway hub located halfway between the two, was chosen as the site of the new transit camp. The building chosen to house the camp was a former army facility called Dossin Barracks (Caserne Dossin), built in 1756 and named after Lieutenant-General Émile Dossin de Saint-Georges, a hero of the Battle of the Yser during World War I. It was located in the north of the city and provided access to the railway freight dock serving the River Dyle.[7] The three-storey block that completely surrounded a large square yard was fitted with barbed wire. It became operational in July 1942. OperationThe camp staff was mostly German but was assisted by Belgian collaborationist paramilitaries from the Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen ("General SS Flanders").[6][8] It was officially under the command of Philipp Schmitt, commandant of the Fort Breendonk. The acting commandant at Mechelen was SS officer Rudolph Steckmann. The first group of people arrived in the camp from Antwerp on 27 July 1942. Between August and December 1942, two transports, each with about 1,000 Jews, left the camp every week for Auschwitz concentration camp. Between the 4 August 1942 and 31 July 1944, a total of 28 trains left Mechelen for Poland, carrying 24,916 Jews and 351 Roma;[2] most of them went to Auschwitz. This figure represented more than half of the Belgian Jews murdered during the Holocaust. In line with the Nazi racial policy that much later became named the Porajmos (or Samudaripen), 351 Belgian Roma were sent to Auschwitz in early 1944. Conditions at the Mechelen camp were especially brutal. Many Roma were locked in basement rooms for weeks or months at a time without food or sanitary facilities. The Roma had an especially low survival rate.
Confrontation{{See also|Twentieth convoy}}Some people succeeded in escaping the transports, especially from the Transports 16 and 17 which consisted of men returned from forced labor on the Atlantic Wall to Belgium. Most of these men jumped between Mechelen and the German border. Many were caught and were soon put on subsequent transports but a total of about 500 Jewish prisoners did manage to escape across all the 28 transports. On 19 April 1943 three resistance fighters, acting on their own initiative, stopped Transport 20 near the train station of Boortmeerbeek, {{convert|10|km}} south-east of Mechelen. From this action 17 prisoners managed to flee. More Jews escaped by their own deeds, a total of 231 Jews fled although 90 were eventually recaptured and 26 were shot by guards escorting the train.[11] The last transport left on 31 July 1944 but Allied forces could not stop it before its destination was reached. When the Allies approached Mechelen by 3 September 1944, the Germans fled the Dossin Barracks, leaving the 527 remaining prisoners behind.[12] Some remaining prisoners escaped that night and the others were freed on the 4th, though soon replaced with suspected collaborators. The lists of deportees were left at Hasselt during the German retreat and were later discovered intact. Memorial and Museum{{main|Kazerne Dossin – Memorial}}In 1948 Dossin Barracks reverted to its original use by the Belgian Army. It was used until 1975 when it was abandoned. Apart from a wing renovated in the 1980s for social housing, the barracks became the site of the Jewish Museum of Deportation and Resistance by 1996. In 2001, the Flemish Government decided to expand the institution by a new complex built opposite the old barracks; the latter closed in July 2011, to become a memorial monument.[13] The Kazerne Dossin – Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre on Holocaust and Human Rights reopened its doors on 26 November 2012.[14] See also
Notes1. ^The Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresia of Austria, last of the House of Habsburg, ordered the building of the so-called Hof van Habsburg for an infantry regiment in 1756. Later it became a Belgian Army barracks. 2. ^{{cite web|title=Kazerne Dossin – History – Dossin barracks: 1942–44|url=http://www.cicb.be/en/content/dossin-barracks-1942-44|publisher=Cicb.be|accessdate=31 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 3. ^{{harvnb| Mikhman|Gutman|Bender|2005|pp=xxx}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=The Fate of the Jews – Across Europe Murder of the Jews of Western Europe|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/09/europe.asp|accessdate=2 August 2011|author=Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority|authorlink=Yad Vashem}} 5. ^{{harvnb|Schram|2006|loc=De tewerkstelling van degenen die aan de onmiddellijke uitroeiing ontsnappen}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|title=Kazerne Dossin – History – The Transports|url=http://www.cicb.be/en/content/transports|publisher=Cicb.be|accessdate=31 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7. ^{{Cite web |url=http://inventaris.vioe.be/dibe/relict/3617 |title=Dossinkazerne (voormalige) (ID: 3617) |work=De Inventaris van het Bouwkundig Erfgoed |publisher=Vlaams Instituut voor het Onroerend Erfgoed (VIOE) |accessdate=1 August 2011 }} 8. ^{{harvnb|Mikhman|1998|page=212}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{harvnb|Schram|2006|loc=De raciale deportatie van België naar Auschwitz vanuit Mechelen}} 10. ^Z stands for Zigeuner, or Roma in German 11. ^{{harvnb|Steinberg|1979|pp=53–56}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{harvnb|Schram|2008|loc=Instigators and Perpetrators}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.kazernedossin.be/|title=Kazerne Dossin (main page of August 2011)|language=Dutch|accessdate=12 August 2011}} 14. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.kazernedossin.eu/EN/Museum-Memoriaal/Wegwijs/Geschiedenis |title=Kazerne Dossin: History |language=English |accessdate=9 July 2015}} References
External links
3 : Nazi concentration camps in Belgium|Buildings and structures in Mechelen|History of Mechelen |
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