“Meena Kumari”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Meena Kumari (born Mahjabeen Bano, 1 August 1933^[1]^[2] – 31 March 1972) was an Indian film actress, singer and poet under the pseudonym Naaz,^[3] who starred in classic films of Hindi Cinema. Popularly known as The Tragedy Queen, Chinese Doll^[4] and Female Guru Dutt,^[5] she is often remembered as Cinderella of Indian films.^[6] She was active between 1939-1972.

Indian film critics regarded Meena Kumari as a "historically incomparable" actress of Hindi cinema.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} In a career spanning 33 years, she starred in about 92 films such as Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, Pakeezah, Mere Apne, Aarti, Baiju Bawra, Parineeta, Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai, Foot Path, Dil Ek Mandir and Kaajal.

Meena Kumari won four Filmfare Awards in the Best Actress category. She was the recipient of the inaugural Filmfare Best Actress Award for Baiju Bawra in 1954 and had a consecutive win in the second Filmfare Awards (1955) for Parineeta. Kumari made history at the 10th Filmfare Awards (1963), by receiving all of the nominations for Best Actress and won for her performance in Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam.^[14] In the 13th Filmfare Awards (1966), Kumari won her last Best Actress award for Kaajal.

The greatest hallmark of Meena Kumari laid in her ability to depict the struggle of Indian women existing especially in the 50s and 60s. Kumari's onscreen persona is described as a perfect example of a traditional Bharatiya Nari by the Indian film fraternity, such as Mohammed Zahur Khayyam and Javed Akhtar.^[15] Her portrayal of "Sahibjaan", a nautch girl with a golden heart in Pakeezah under Kamal Amrohi's direction became a historical document.^[16]

Family background

Meena Kumari's father was a Sunni Muslim named Master Ali Bux who had migrated from Bhera (now in Punjab province of Pakistan).^[17] He was a veteran of Parsi theater, played harmonium, taught music, wrote Urdu poetry, played small roles in films such as Eid Ka Chand and composed music for films like Shahi Lutere.{{sfn | Nationalinfo |2016}}

Meena Kumari's mother Iqbal Begum, whose original name was Prabhawati Devi, was a Bengali Christian converted to Islam. Iqbal Begum was the second wife of Ali Bux.{{sfn | Nationalinfo |2016}} Before meeting and then marrying Ali Bux, she was a stage actress and dancer under the stage name "Kamini" and was related to the well known Tagore family of Bengal.{{sfn |Nationalinfo |2016}}

Connection with Tagore family

Meena Kumari's grandmother, Hem Sundari Tagore (née Mukherjee) was the wife of Jadu Nandan Tagore (1840–62) who was the great-great grandson of Darpanarayan Tagore and a distant cousin of Rabindranath Tagore.^[18] After the death of her husband, being forced by his family, she left for Meerut, became a nurse, married a Christian named Pyare Lal Shankar Meeruti, who was an Urdu journalist and embraced Christianity.^[19] Hem Sundari had two daughters; one of these was Prabhawati, Meena Kumari's mother.^[19]

Birth and childhood

Meena Kumari was born with the name Mahjabeen in a family of poor theatre artists, Ali Bux and Iqbal Begum on 1 August 1933.^[1]^[2] This was a great disappointment to Ali Bux because he wanted a son.{{sfn |Mehta |2016}} Meena Kumari was the second daughter of Ali Bux and Iqbal Begum.{{sfn |Mehta |2016}} Khursheed Jr (not the singer-actress Khursheed Bano) was her elder sister and Mahliqa (also known as Madhu, first married to actor Mehmood Ali) was her younger sister. Madhu was also a well known child artist by the name Baby Madhuri.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} At home, Mahjabeen's family called her by the name "Munna".{{sfn |At The Edge}}

Her family could not afford to pay Dr. Gadre for her delivery, so her father decided to leave her at an orphanage. He changed his mind a few hours later and fetched her home.^[20]^[21]

Mahjabeen said as a child that she was not interested in a film career, and would rather attend school.^[22] In spite of this, her parents started peddling four-year-old Mahjabeen to film studios for work opportunities. Director Vijay Bhatt cast her in the film Leatherface and on her first day she was paid Rs. 25.

Leatherface was released in 1939.^[23] At the age of four she became the bread earner in the Bux family. In an interview given in 1962, Meena Kumari explained that the fact she had been supporting her parents from the age of four gave her immense satisfaction.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} Mahjabeen was admitted into a regular school, but that was not for long, because the demands of work frequently interrupted her curricula. She never went to school in any meaningful sense, and her education was the result of private tuitions, and more significantly the result of individual interest; in every sense she was self-educated. Kumari concentrated most on Urdu although she could get by in English and Hindi.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} She was nicknamed "Reading Mahjabeen", as she brought books onto the sets and when working on location.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}}

Career

Early work as Baby Meena (1939–45)

She began acting when she was four. She initially worked mostly in Vijay Bhatt productions; Leatherface (1939), Adhuri Kahani (1939), Pooja (1940) and Ek Hi Bhool (1940). Vijay Bhatt rechristened Mahjabeen as "Baby Meena" during the filming of Ek Hi Bhool (1940).^[24]

More films followed for baby Meena, namely Nai Roshni (1941), Bahen (1941), Kasauti (1941), Vijay (1942), Garib (1942), Pratiggya (1943) and Lal Haveli (1944).

Early career (1946–52)

Meena was cast under the name Meena Kumari in Ramnik Production's Bachchon Ka Khel (1946). One of the major blows in Kumari's life was the death of her mother, Iqbal Begum, who died merely 18 months after the family's arrival at their new house in Bandra. She had lung cancer and died on March 25, 1947. In an interview given to Filmfare magazine in 1958, Meena Kumari remembers her mother's last days and her untimely death. Films like Duniya Ek Sarai (1946), Piya Ghar Aaja (1948) and Bichchade Balam (1948) Veer Ghatotkach (1949), Shri Ganesh Mahima (1950), Lakshmi Narayan (1951), Hanuman Patal Vijay (1951) and Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (1952) performed with credit. Other films such as Magroor (1950), Hamara Ghar (1950), Sanam (1951), Madhosh (1951), and Tamasha (1952) either saw her in multi-starrers or in lead roles which unfortunately failed to leave a lasting impact on the audience. Meena Kumari desperately needed a film which would transform her into a sensation among the audience and she soon got one – it was her mentor Vijay Bhatt's musical, Baiju Bawra (1952).

Rising star (1952–56)

Tragedy Queen of Indian Cinema (1957)

Critical acclaim (1962)

Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, a film produced by Guru Dutt and directed by Abrar Alvi featured Meena Kumari in the iconic role of Chhoti Bahu. It is based on the Bengali novel "Shaheb Bibi Golam" by Bimal Mitra. The film stars Meena Kumari, Guru Dutt, Rehman, Waheeda Rehman and Nazir Hussain.^[36] Its music is by Hemant Kumar and the lyrics are by Shakeel Badayuni. The film is also noted for its brilliant cinematography by V. K. Murthy and the famous songs "Na Jao Saiyaan Chhuda Ke Baiyan" and "Piya Aiso Jiya Mein" sung by Geeta Dutt.

In Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam Kumari played the character of Chhoti Bahu. For Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, in order to support a drooping heavy look which is associated with immoderate consumption of liquor, she used to apply concentrated Eau de Cologne under her nose. The irritation caused by such action helped her in achieving the perfect look for the role of an alcoholic.

The film won four Filmfare Awards, including the Best Actress award. This movie was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 13th Berlin International Film Festival, where Meena Kumari was selected as a delegate. Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam was chosen as India's official entry to the Oscars.^[37]

By the early 70s, Meena Kumari eventually shifted her focus on more 'acting oriented' or character roles. Out of her last six releases namely Jawab, Saat Phere, Mere Apne, Dushman, Pakeezah & Gomti Ke Kinare, she only had a lead role in Pakeezah. In Mere Apne and Gomti Ke Kinare, although she didn't play a typical heroine role, but her role was actually the central character of the story.

Completion of Pakeezah (1958–72)

In 1954, during the shooting of Azaad, Meena Kumari and Kamal Amrohi were in South India, and here Kamal Amrohi began outlining the plot of his next film with his wife and decided to call it Pakeezah. Meena Kumari was determined to complete the film and, well aware of the limited time left for her to live, went out of her way to complete it at the earliest. Despite her rapidly deteriorating health, she gave the finishing touches to her performance.

After watching the whole film, Kumari told a friend that she was convinced that her husband was the finest film-maker in India.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}}

The film finally released the following day, 4 February 1972. Pakeezah enjoyed a successful run of 33 weeks and even celebrated its silver jubilee. She posthumously received her twelfth and last Filmfare nomination for Pakeezah. Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards bestowed the Special award to Meena Kumari for Pakeezah in 1973.{{sfn | Xecution Technologies Pvt. Ltd.}}

Career as a Playback Singer

Meena Kumari was also a playback singer. She sung as a child artist for films like Bahen till 1945.

As a heroine, she rendered her voice to songs from films like Duniya Ek Sarai (1946), Piya Ghar Aaja (1948), Bichchade Balam (1948)^[50] and Pinjre Ke Panchhi (1966).

She also sung for Pakeezah (1972), however, the song was not used in the film and was later released in the album Pakeezah-Rang Barang (1977).

Personal Life

Marriage to Kamal Amrohi (1952)

It was the year 1938, when a young and upcoming writer Kamal Amrohi was searching a girl for a small role in Sohrab Modi's film Jailor. On someone's suggestion he was sent to Ali Bux's house where he was greeted by a 5 year old girl who had traces of mashed bananas around her face. The young girl was however not selected for the part but little did Amrohi knew that she was to become the love of his life. This girl was Meena Kumari who was then popular as Baby Mahjabeen.^[51]

Years later, on the sets of Tamasha, Ashok Kumar introduced filmmaker Kamal Amrohi to Meena Kumari,^[51] who later, offered her a lead role in his upcoming film Anarkali. The contract was signed on 13 March 1951 but on 21 May 1951, Meena Kumari was involved in a motor car accident while returning from Mahabaleshwar to Bombay.^[51] She was admitted to Sassoon Hospital in Poona, injured around the left hand. Kumari went through bouts of depression, and Kamal Amrohi visited her regularly during her days in the hospital.^[51] When they were not scheduled to meet, both Kumari and Amrohi would write letters to each other.^[51]

For four months this hospital affair continued and love blossomed. This accident left Meena Kumari with a banded left pinky which remained banded throughout her life, and she used to cover her left hand with a dupatta or saree during shoots.{{sfn | YouTube | 2016}} After Kumari was discharged from hospital, a telephoning marathon between her and Amrohi began during nights.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} Soon shooting of the film Anarkali commenced but the producer Makhanlaljee, suffered a financial disaster and the film was abandoned. On 14 February 1952, Meena Kumari, 18, and Kamal Amrohi, 34, secretly got married in a simple "Niqah" ceremony in the presence of a Qadi and Kumari's younger sister, Mahliqa (Madhu).{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} The Niqah paper was witnessed by Baqar Ali (Kamal Amrohi's friend and assistant) and Qadi's two sons, and signed in the name of Mahjabeen Bano (Meena Kumari's real name) and Syed Ameen Haider (Kamal Amrohi's real name). After the ceremony, the newlyweds parted. Amrohi left for Sion and Meena and Madhu returned home.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} The marriage was kept secret from the family and media, although Kamal Amrohi was already married and had three children from his previous wife. After some months, the matrimony news was leaked to Kumari's father, Ali Bux, by a cook who overheard their midnight phone conversations. The father recommended a divorce.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} Meena Kumari remained adamant on her decision, but stayed in her father's house. Meanwhile, Kamal Amrohi planned a film called Daera in 1953 and decided to cast Kumari, now his wife, in it.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016 | p=1949}} Kumari asked her father's permission for working in the film, but Ali Bux refused on the basis that the dates were given to Mehboob Khan for the film Amar.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016 | p=1949}} She protested, but he warned his daughter that if she went to shoot for Daera the doors of his house would be permanently shut for her.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016 | p=1949}} Reluctantly, Meena Kumari agreed, but after shooting for five days, she instigated a disagreement with Mehboob Khan and left the studios.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016 | p=1949}} On 14 August 1953, Meena Kumari drove to Bombay Talkies and worked in front of her husband's camera for the film Daera. Ali Bux somehow came to know this by some external sources and at night, on her return, he refused to open the door. Meena Kumari turned her car around and left for her husband's residence at Sion.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016 | p=1949}}

Separation from husband & addiction to alcohol (1964)

After their marriage, Kamal Amrohi allowed Meena Kumari to continue her acting career, but on the conditions that she should not remit anyone in her makeup room but her makeup artist and return home in her own car by 6:30 every evening.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} Meena Kumari agreed to all terms, but with passing time she kept breaking them.^[52] Abrar Alvi, director of Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, recounts how Kamal Amrohi would have his spy and right-hand man Baqar Ali present even in the makeup room while Meena's makeup was being done, and one evening, when working beyond schedule to complete a shot, he had to face his heroine dissolving in tears.^[38]

In 1963, Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam was selected as the Indian entry to the Berlin Film Festival and Meena Kumari was selected as a delegate. The then Minister of Information & Broadcasting, Satya Narayan Sinha, arranged for two tickets, one for Meena Kumari and one for her husband, but Kamal Amrohi refused to accompany his wife. The Berlin trip never materialized.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}}

During a premiere at Eros cinema, Sohrab Modi introduced Meena Kumari and Kamal Amrohi to the governor of Maharashtra. Sohrab Modi said "This is the renowned actress Meena Kumari, and this is her husband Kamal Amrohi". Whereupon before greetings were exchanged, Kamal Amrohi interjected: "No, I am Kamal Amrohi and this is my wife, the renowned actress Meena Kumari". Saying this, Kamal Amrohi left the auditorium. Meena Kumari saw the premiere alone.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}}

Meena Kumari was subjected to physical abuse in her marriage. Vinod Mehta, writer of her biography points out that although Amrohi, repeatedly denied any such allegations, he learnt it from six different sources that she indeed was a sufferer.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} After her death in 1972, fellow actress Nargis wrote a piece about her which was published in an Urdu magazine. She mentioned that while on an outdoor shoot of Main Chup Rahungi, when both of them were sharing adjacent rooms, she too heard noises suggestive of violence. The following day, she met a swollen-eyed Kumari who would have cried all night.^[53] Such rumours found their base on the mahurat of Pinjre Ke Panchhi. On 5 March 1964, Kamal Amrohi's assistant, Baqar Ali slapped Meena Kumari when she allowed Gulzar enter her makeup room.^[54] Kumari immediately called Amrohi to come to the film's set but he never came. Instead, he asked her to come to him, so he can decide what to do further.^[53] This not only enraged Kumari but also acted as the final straw in their already strained relationship. Kumari went straightaway to her sister, Madhu's home. When Kamal Amrohi went there to bring her back, she refused to talk to him even after his repeated persuasion. After that, neither Amrohi tried to fetch her back nor Meena Kumari returned.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} In an interview given to Tabassum on her show Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan after Kumari's death, Amrohi recalled her as "a good actress but not a good wife, who thought herself as an actress at home as well."^[55]

Meena Kumari was a patient of chronic insomnia and was on sleeping pills for a long time since the days of the telephoning conversations with Kamal Amrohi. During 1963, Dr. Saeed Timurza, her physician, then prescribed a small peg of brandy as a sleeping pill alternative and this was officially how she came into contact with the habit that was to kill her.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} Somehow this prescribed peg of brandy turned into heavy drinking after her separation from her husband in 1964.^[56] After that, Kumari's name was associated with Rahul, Gulzar, Dharmendra and Sawan Kumar Tak.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}}

Deteriorating health and treatment in London (1968)

In 1968, Kumari was diagnosed with cirrhosis of liver. The medical advice was that she needed more advanced and permanent cure.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} She received treatments in London and Switzerland in June 1968. From the months of June to August, Meena Kumari was in the hands of Dr. Sheila Sherlock.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}}

Upon recovery, Kumari returned to India in September 1968 and on the fifth day after her arrival, Meena Kumari, contrary to doctors' instructions resumed work.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} Suffering from cirrhosis of the liver, although Meena Kumari temporarily recovered but was now much weak and thin. Director Saawan Kumar Tak said "Not only did she not drink, she would not let me drink either. she did not touch a drop after London".{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} After returning from London, Kumari for the first time, purchased her own home, which was on the eleventh floor of a building called "Landmark", situated at Carter Road, Bandra.

Last days & Death

Three weeks after the release of Pakeezah, Meena Kumari became seriously ill. On 28 March 1972, she was admitted to St Elizabeth's Nursing Home.{{sfn | http://jhakaasmovies.com/ | 2016}}

She went into coma two days later and died shortly afterwards on 31 March 1972. She was 38 years old. The cause of her death was determined to be liver cirrhosis. As per her husband's wish, she was buried at Rehmatabad Cemetery, located at Narialwadi, Mazagaon, Mumbai.{{sfn | http://jhakaasmovies.com/ | 2016}} Kumari requested the following prose for her tombstone: "She ended life with a broken fiddle, with a broken song, with a broken heart, but not a single regret."{{sfn | http://jhakaasmovies.com/ | 2016}} As per his wish, upon his death on February 11, 1993 in Mumbai, her husband was buried next to her.

The Poetess Naaz

Meena Kumari was a talented Urdu poetess under the pseudonym Naaz.^[57] Historian critic Philip Bounds and researcher Daisy Hasan write regarding Meena Kumari's poetry: "Poetry was the medium through which Kumari distanced herself from her public image and criticized the industry that had brought her to public attention in the first place. In that sense, her poems tell us as much about Bollywood as they do about herself."^[58]

Legacy

}}Meena Kumari herself once said that people picked strands of her hair to make a taweez (talisman) out of it.^[62]{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} She never used products like glycerin in order to shed tears, but always shed her genuine ones while acting.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016 | p=1949}} At the peak of her career, Meena Kumari was the highest-paid actress of her generation, and was the first to buy an Impala car.^[63] Indian Film Critic Bhawana Somaaya says: "There was a time when top heroes were not willing to work with Meena Kumari, because she played the powerful roles". Vinod Mehta shares: "Meena Kumari became so powerful that she would make or break stars, Kumari adopted an attitude of guardian, artistic mentor towards the newcomers who worked opposite her like Rajendra Kumar in Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan and with Sunil Dutt in Ek Hi Raasta."{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} Meena Kumari helped Dharmendra enormously in the initial stages of his career, and established Dharmendra's acting career in Indian Cinema.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} The legendary Kathak master Pandit Lachhu Maharaj praised Meena Kumari’s dancing skills and remarked on the unique way in which she would take a turn. He said, "The way in which she would turn, the angles of her shoulders, come naturally to her and cannot be taught."^[64] Ashok Kumar said: "Meena was a natural actress. She was very choosy, but once she accepted a role, she put her heart into it and it’s not surprising that she’s still remembered for her sensitive portrayals. Sometimes when saying a dialogue I'd add a line not in the script and even as I worried about how Meena would react, she’d surprise me with just the right response."{{sfn | Cineplot.com | 2017}}

In 1953, soon after the success of Baiju Bawra, Kumari appeared in Dream House, an advertisement by Dunlopillo UK along with Ashok Kumar.^[65] Kumari was a regular face to be featured on various film magazines and beauty soaps throughout her career. Her step-son recalls that Meena Kumari was an avid reader of novels by Agatha Christie and always used to keep mogra flowers by her bed before she slept.^[66]

The makers of film Jahan Ara (1964) had approached Kumari to play the role of Jahan Ara Begum. It was the time when Kumari was doing films which were commercially successful and critically acclaimed. Meena Kumari passed on this role to her friend, actress Mala Sinha. This film not only helmed her appreciation from critics but also resulted in a nomination in the Best Actress Category at the 12th Filmfare Awards.

Meena Kumari's most awaited film Pakeezah was released on 4 February 1972.{{sfn | Mehta | 2016}} Tajdar Amrohi shares: "When the shooting of Pakeezah started again in 1969, the first song shot was "Mausam Hai Ashiqaana". With this song, Meena Kumari set a new fashion trend of girls wearing Lungi.^[67] Indian Film Critic Bhawana Somaaya says: "Pakeezah is just like poetry on celluloid, I cannot imagine anybody else in this movie except Meena Kumari."{{sfn | YouTube | 2016}}

The day Meena Kumari passed away, her 1952 film Baiju Bawra was re-released at Bombay's Super cinema, drawing house full audiences, which wept copiously remembering the actress.{{sfn |"Remembering the Tragedy Queen Meena Kumari"}}

In October 1973, Nargis, one of her contemporaries established the Meena Kumari Memorial for the Blind in her memory. She was also the chairman of this trust.^[68]

A postal stamp of face value 500 paise was issued in her honour on 13 February 2011 by India Post.^[69]

On 24 February 2016, Meena Kumari's original publicity material and memorabilia, including paintings and portraits of her films, were displayed at the Womanhood Festival at Osianama Liberty, Mumbai, India.{{sfn | Offensive | 2016}}

Due to the contrast between her stardom and troubled private life, Kumari is closely linked to broader discussions about modern phenomena such as mass media, fame, and consumer culture.{{sfn | The Friday Times | 2014}}^[70] Every year, on Meena Kumari's birthday, numerous articles are printed and television programmes aired to commemorate her, and modern magazines continue to publish stories on her personal life and career.^[71]{{sfn | Poorvi | 2016}}

On 1 August 2018, search engine Google commemorated Meena Kumari with a Doodle on her 85th birth anniversary.^[72] Google commented: "Kumari captivated audiences with her beautiful, expressive eyes and portrayed strong yet vulnerable women who made their own way through life, often devastated by romance. Today, her screen appearances are studied for flawless moments and the complex emotions she could evoke without uttering a word".^[73]

Partial filmography

Awards and accolades

Filmfare Awards-Best Actress

Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards

Meena Kumari has won several awards at the Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards (BFJA)

Biographies

Miscellaneous

In film

Meena Kumari has always been a subject of interest among present day filmmakers, thanks to her massive star appeal. In 2004, a modern-day adaption of her classic film Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam was to be made by Pritish Nandy Communications in which Aishwarya Rai and later Priyanka Chopra^[75] was to portray her role of Chhoti Bahu. However, the film got shelved and paved way for a TV series helmed by director Rituparno Ghosh in which actress Raveena Tandon essayed this role.^[76]

In 2015, it was reported that Tigmanshu Dhulia was to make a film on Hindi cinema's Tragedy Queen, which was to be a screen adaptation of Vinod Mehta's book, "Meena Kumari – The Classic Biography".^[77] Actress Kangana Ranaut was approached to portray Kumari but the film was shelved yet again due to lack of authentic facts and after strong protestion of Meena Kumari's stepson Tajdar Amrohi.

In 2017, director Karan Razdan also decided to direct an official biopic on Meenaji. For this, he approached Madhuri Dixit and Vidya Balan to play the Great Tragedienne but due to variety of reasons, both of them declined the offer. He later turned to actress Sunny Leone who showed great interest to essay her onscreen.^[78] Various other actresses including Richa Chadha,^[79] Jayaprada^[80] and Janhvi Kapoor^[81] also expressed their wish to play the legendary icon.

In 2018, Producer and former child artist Kutty Padmini announced to make a biopic on Meena Kumari in the form of a web series along with singer Mohammed Rafi and actor-director J.P. Chandrababu. Padmini has worked with Meena Kumari in the film Dil Ek Mandir and wishes to honour the late actress with this biopic.^[82]

References

1. ^¹{{cite web |title= April 2 1954 |website=Filmfare |url= http://www.magzter.com/preview/190/18943 |accessdate= 2016-09-25}}
2. ^¹{{cite book |author= Adrian Room |title= Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eSIhzKnNUf4C&pg=PA44 |accessdate= 22 April 2012 |date= 26 July 2010 |publisher= McFarland |isbn= 978-0-7864-4373-4 |contribution= Meena Kumari}}
3. ^{{cite web |author= Manish Gaekwad |url= https://scroll.in/reel/805938/meena-kumari-was-a-tragedy-queen-on-the-screen-and-in-her-poems |title=Meena Kumari was a tragedy queen on the screen and in her poems |website= Scroll |date= |accessdate= 2016-03-31}}
4. ^{{cite web |title= Meena Kumari birth anniverary: She is inspiration for all!|website= Free Press Journal |url= http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/meena-kumari-birth-anniverary-she-is-inspiration-for-all/1113632 |accessdate= 2018-10-03}}
5. ^{{cite web |title= From Sridevi to Guru Dutt: Celebrities that passed away at an untimely age |website= News X |url= https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/from-sridevi-to-guru-dutt-celebrities-that-passed-away-at-an-untimely-age |accessdate= 2018-03-05}}
6. ^{{cite web |title= Meena Kumari – Interview (1952) |website= Cineplot.com |date= 2017-07-19 |url= http://cineplot.com/meena-kumari-interview-1952/ |access-date= 2017-07-29}}
7. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/bollywood/remembering-the-tragedy-queen-meena-kumari |title= Remembering the Tragedy Queen Meena Kumari |last= Mohamed |first=Khalid |date= 25 March 2016 |website= Khaleej Times}}
8. ^{{cite news |url= http://rollingframes.org/2016/07/13/meena-kumari-the-tragedy-queen-of-indian-cinema/ |title= Meena Kumari – "The Tragedy Queen of Indian Cinema" |website= Rolling Frames Film Society}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sunpost.in/?p=5522 |title=Meena Kumari the melancholic queen of cinema! – Sun Post |website=Sunpost.in |date= |accessdate=2016-07-25}}
10. ^{{cite web | author=YouTube | title=Meena Kumari Made Raaj Kumar Forget His Dialogues | website=YouTube.com | date=2018-08-13 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvOCldZhAko | accessdate=2018-08-19}}
11. ^{{cite web | author=admin | title=Madhubala – Her Sister's Recollections | website=Cineplot.com | date=2016-04-16 | url=http://cineplot.com/legends-madhubala/madhubala-memories/ | accessdate=2016-08-19}}
12. ^{{cite web | last=Franco | first=Carlo | title=Amitabh Bachchan's Official Blog | website=Amitabh Bachchan's Official Blog | date=2017-06-25 | url=http://srbachchan.tumblr.com/?og=1 | access-date=2017-08-20}}
13. ^{{cite web | title=At The Edge: Meena Kumari: Her Death, Work, Love and Birth | website=At The Edge | url=http://8ate.blogspot.com/2007/11/meena-kumari-her-death-work-love-and.html | accessdate=2016-08-19}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000245/1963 |title=Filmfare Awards (1963) |website=IMDb}}
15. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fy8FaK5GLQs |title= Meena Kumari .. Khayyam, Ravi & Others Chat About the Legend Artist |publisher= YouTube |date=2016-07-04 |accessdate= 2016-07-25}}
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37. ^¹Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
38. ^¹{{cite web | last=Saran | first=Sathya | last2=Alvi | first2=Abrar | title=Ten Years with Guru Dutt | website=Google Books | date=2016-07-28 | url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Ten_Years_with_Guru_Dutt.html?id=JVD7dajMt3YC | accessdate=2016-08-13}}
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43. ^{{Bollywood Hungama title|506519|Gazal}}
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46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1967/majhli-didi |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-09-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909084711/http://www.upperstall.com/films/1967/majhli-didi |archivedate=9 September 2011 |df=dmy }}
47. ^{{cite news |title=Bahu Begum (1967) |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/10/stories/2009071050190400.htm |publisher=The Hindu |date=10 Jul 2009 |accessdate=20 May 2013}}
48. ^{{cite web | title=Jawab (1970) – Bollywood MuVyz | website=Jawab (1970) | Hindi Movie Review, Songs, Trailer, Videos – Bollywood MuVyz | url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/gv581566 | accessdate=2016-08-14}}
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50. ^{{cite web | title=MEENA KUMARI–THE SINGING MAESTRO | website=nikhileiyer | date=2013-04-01 | url=https://nikhileiyer.wordpress.com/2013/04/01/meena-kumari-the-singing-maestro/ | accessdate=2016-12-26}}
51. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book|author=Vinod Mehta|title=Meena Kumari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1brjAAAAQBAJ|date=10 July 2013|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-627-1}}
52. ^{{cite web | title=Journal : Jan 03, 2012 : Of One Soul – Meena Kumari | website=Truth Within, Shines Without | date=2012-01-14 | url=https://vamadevananda.wordpress.com/2012/01/14/journal-jan-03-2012-of-one-soul-meena-kumari/ | accessdate=2016-08-13}}
53. ^¹{{cite web | title=Why Nargis said 'Meena, Maut Mubarak Ho!' | website=Times of India | date=2018-12-02 | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/home/sunday-times/why-nargis-said-meena-maut-mubarak-ho/articleshow/66898473.cms | accessdate=2018-12-02 }}
54. ^{{cite web | title=Heartbreaking Story of Mahjabeen Bano (Meena Kumari)| website=Jhakaas Movies | date=2017-03-15 | url=https://www.jhakaasmovies.com/amp/nostalgia/heartbreaking-story-of-mahjabeen-bano-meena-kumari.html | accessdate=2018-12-02 }}
55. ^{{cite web | title='I am alive because of Amitabh Bachchan' | website=rediff | date=2014-10-30| url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-am-alive-because-of-amitabh-bachchan-tabassum/20141030.htm| accessdate=2019-03-31}}
56. ^{{cite web | author=S.S.N | title=In the name of the father | website=DAWN.COM | date=2014-03-30 | url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1096579 | accessdate=2016-08-13}}
57. ^{{cite web|last=Melwani |first=Lavina |url=http://www.lassiwithlavina.com/thebuzz/meena-kumari-the-urdu-poetess-you-didnt-know/html |title=Meena Kumari – the Urdu Poetess You Didn’t Know |website=Lassiwithlavina.com |date=2015-11-01 |accessdate=2016-07-25}}
58. ^{{cite web | last=Iyengar | first=Shriram | title=Meena Kumari, the poet | website=Cinestaan.com | url=http://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/apr/1/682/meena-kumari-the-poet | accessdate=2016-08-14 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825194442/http://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/apr/1/682/meena-kumari-the-poet | archivedate=25 August 2016 | df=dmy-all }}
59. ^{{cite web|author=|url=http://onlinevinylshop.com/index.php/vinyl-records-12/non-filmi-lp-records/meena-kumari-i-write-i-recite-2392-003-lp-vinyl-record.html|title=Meena Kumari I Write I Recite 2392 003 LP Vinyl Record Singer Meena Kumari Music Khayyam Lyrics Meena Kumari|website=Onlinevinylshop.com|date=|accessdate=2016-07-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911010836/http://onlinevinylshop.com/index.php/vinyl-records-12/non-filmi-lp-records/meena-kumari-i-write-i-recite-2392-003-lp-vinyl-record.html|archivedate=11 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}
60. ^{{cite web|last=Chandel |first=Rajani |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/Lesser-known-facts-about-music-composer-Khayyam/Khayyam-has-composed-for-actress-Meena-Kumaris-poems/photostory/51058319.cms |title=Khayyam has composed for actress Meena Kumari's poems |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2016-07-25}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=https://rekhta.org/poets/meena-kumari/ebooks |title=Urdu Books of Meena Kumari |website=Rekhta.org |date= |accessdate=2016-07-25}}
62. ^{{cite web | title=The truth behind Pakeezah unveiled... | website=filmfare.com | date=2017-06-08 | url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/the-truth-behind-pakeezah-unveiled-21283.html | access-date=2017-07-29}}
63. ^{{cite web | title=Meena Kumari: The star performer as tragedy queen | website=Sunday Guardian Live | date=2018-06-09 | url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/meena-kumari-star-performer-tragedy-queen | accessdate=2018-07-04}}
64. ^{{cite web | last=Kahlon | first=Sukhpreet | title='Meena Kumari used to wear her roles like a dress' Birth anniversary special | website=Cinestaan.com | date=2017-08-01 | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/aug/1/7261/meena-kumari-used-to-wear-her-roles-like-a-dress-ndash-birth-anniversary-special | access-date=2017-08-01}}
65. ^{{cite web | title=DREAM HOUSE (1953) | website=BFI | date=2017-02-10 | url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8c15893a | access-date=2018-01-15}}
66. ^{{cite web | title=My Father Never Divorced Meena Kumari: Tajdar Amrohi | website=skjbollywoodnews.com | date=2018-03-31 | url=https://skjbollywoodnews.com/my-father-never-divorced-meena-kumari-tajdar-amrohi/amp/ | access-date=2018-03-31}}
67. ^{{cite web | title=Tajdar Amrohi to make biopic on Meena Kumari | website=YouTube | date=2016-08-11 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qia6Idfv0UM | accessdate=2016-08-14}}
68. ^{{cite web | title=Nargis paying tribute to Meena Kumari (October 1973) | website=Cineplot | date=2012-10-06 | url=http://cineplot.com/nargis-paying-tribute-to-meena-kumari-october-1973/ | accessdate=2018-08-07}}
69. ^{{cite web | title=India Post releases stamps on six legendary actresses | website=Sify | date=2011-02-14 | url=http://www.sify.com/finance/india-post-releases-stamps-on-six-legendary-actresses-news-default-lcosEhdagahsi.html | accessdate=2016-08-14}}
70. ^{{cite web | author=Poorvi | title=On her death anniversary: Celebrating Meena Kumari's life | website=SheThePeople TV | date=2016-03-31 | url=http://shethepeople.tv/on-her-death-anniversary-celebrating-meena-kumaris-life/ | accessdate=2016-08-14}}
71. ^{{cite web | title=83rd birth anniversary of Meena Kumari: Life story of the 'tragic queen' of Bollywood | website=News18 | date=2015-08-01 | url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/83rd-birth-anniversary-of-meena-kumari-life-story-of-the-tragic-queen-of-bollywood-1028726.html | accessdate=2016-08-14}}
72. ^{{cite web | title=Meena Kumari, Tragedy Queen, remembered by Google Doodle on 85th birth anniversary | website=Indian Express | date=2018-08-01 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/meena-kumari-tragedy-queen-actress-birth-anniversary-google-doodle-hindi-cinema-5285347/| accessdate=2018-08-01}}
73. ^{{cite web | title=Meena Kumari’s 85th Birthday | website=Google | date=2018-08-01 | url=https://www.google.com/doodles/meena-kumaris-85th-birthday| accessdate=2018-08-03}}
74. ^{{cite web | title= When Meena Kumari comes alive on Jaipur stage| website=Times of India | date=2018-05-13 | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/when-meena-kumari-comes-alive-on-jaipur-stage/amp_videoshow/64146665.cms| accessdate=2018-05-13}}
75. ^{{cite web | title= Priyanka might play chhoti bahu! | website=rediff | date=2005-03-28 | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bahu/20050328.htm| accessdate=2018-03-17}}
76. ^{{cite web | title="I am taking to television as a challenge" | website=IndianTelevision | date=2003-08-28 | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/actor/raveena.htm | accessdate=2018-03-05}}
77. ^{{cite web | title=Meena Kumari back on screen | website=Mumbai Mirror | date=2015-03-05 | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Meena-Kumari-back-on-screen/articleshow/53405146.cms | accessdate=2015-03-05}}
78. ^{{cite web | title=Sunny Leone to essay legendary actress Meena Kumari in her biopic! | website=IndiaTV | date=2017-12-15 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-sunny-leone-to-essay-legendary-actress-meena-kumari-in-her-biopic-417178 | accessdate=2018-03-05}}
79. ^{{cite web | title=Richa Chadha's bucket list: 3 characters she'd like to play on screen| website=t2online | date=2018-04-14 | url=http://t2online.com/entertainment/richa-chadha-s-bucket-list-3-characters-she-d-like-to-play-on-screen/cid/1.96429 | accessdate=2018-04-14}}
80. ^{{cite web | title=फिल्मों से राजनीति में चली गईं जया प्रदा क्यों बनना चाहती थीं मीना कुमारी| website=Dainik Jagran | date=2018-08-23 | url=https://m.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-jaya-prada-tell-us-why-she-becomes-meena-kumari-18343522.html | accessdate=2018-08-24}}
81. ^{{cite web | title=Janhvi Kapoor would love to play Meena Kumari or Madhubala| website=indianexpress| date=2018-07-14 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-meena-kumari-madhubala-dhadak-ishaan-khatter-5258968/ | accessdate=2018-07-14}}
82. ^{{cite web | title=Biopics become the new flavour of web series| website=timesofindia| date=2018-09-11 | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/chennai/biopics-become-the-new-flavour-of-web-series/articleshow/65760901.cms| accessdate=2018-09-11}}