| 词条 | Mehdi Frashëri |
| 释义 |
| name = Mehdi Frashëri | image = Mehdi Frashëri.jpg | imagesize = | order1 = 15th Prime Minister of Albania | term_start1 = October 21, 1935 | term_end1 = November 9, 1936 | predecessor1 = Pandeli Evangjeli | successor1 = Kostaq Kota | term_start2 = October 24, 1943 | term_end2 = November 3, 1943 | predecessor2 = Ibrahim Biçakçiu | successor2 = Rexhep Mitrovica |order3 = Minister of Foreign Affairs | term_start3 = November 5, 1943 | term_end3 = July 21, 1944 | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1872|2|28}} | birth_place = Frashër, Albania (then Ottoman Empire) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1963|05|25|1872|2|28}} | death_place = Rome, Italy | spouse = Nejre Frashëri | relations = Rakip Frashëri (father) Aishe Çaçi (mother) | children = Vehbi Frashëri Mediha Frashëri Ragip Frashëri Shehriar Frashëri | residence = | occupation = Writer, Civil servant, Politician, Diplomat | party = | profession = Politician, diplomat | signature = Mehdi Frashëri (nënshkrim).svg }} Mehdi Frashëri (February 28, 1872 – May 25, 1963) was an Albanian intellectual and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Albania twice, the second term as Prime Minister of Albania's puppet government under Nazi Germany. BiographyEarly lifeMehdi Frashëri was born in 1872 in the village of Frashër Përmet. He studied in Konica and Monastir and graduated from the Mekteb-i Mülkiye in Istanbul in 1897.[1] While in Constantinople, in 1901, he was charged with establishing a small press in a local house cellar for printing Albanian nationalistic materials together with a small group of Albanians.[2] Early political career and interwar periodFrashëri served as Kaymakam of Peqin in central Albania between 1901 and 1903. After that he moved to Ohrid, where he joined the Secret Committee for the Liberation of Albania.[2] He was denounced by a group of local Muslims as an Albanian nationalist and a pro-Young Turk. He was governor of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem under the Ottomans, mayor of Durrës under Prince Wied, minister in the Albanian government of 1918,[3] and minister of the interior in 1920.[4] On May 17, 1914 as a member of the International Commission of Control he signed the Protocol of Corfu.[5] He participated in the Congress of Durrës in December 1918.[3] In 1923, he was also Albania's representative in the League of Nations. During the 1930s he held significant posts, including that of the Prime Minister from 1935 to 1936.[4] In the early 1930s he participated in the civil code reforms committees along with Thoma Orollogaj and Hasan Dosti. Italian occupationFrashëri was against Benito Mussolini and disliked his policy of invading Albania.[6] Frasheri took it upon himself to broadcast scathing attacks against the invasion as well as addressing a remonstrance to Mussolini.[6] Following the departure of the government of Tirana, he urged young men with revolvers to distribute themselves to preserve order. When the invading troops were at the gates he sought asylum in the Turkish Legation, continuing to refuse to sign a declaration in support of the Italians. His personal courage impressed even the German minister, who successfully appealed to Rome to allow Frashëri to return home. Despite Italian guarantees, Frashëri was soon arrested and interned in Italy.[4] Frashëri participated as "Honorary Chairman" of the Conference of Pezë, where Albanian anti-fascist factors gathered in 1942, a fact that would be suppressed by the communist regime later.[7] Frashëri, who had sympathy for the Germans partly because he had studied in Austria, worked with German minister Erich von Luckwald, in the hopes of establishing closer relations and to gain some protection for the Albanians from the Italians.[4] German occupationAfter the capitulation of Italy, Nazi Germany took control of the Balkans. The Germans were apprised of his significance and began to search for him immediately after the invasion.[4] Frasheri was found and agreed, on 16 September, to return to Tirana for talks with Hermann Neubacher, Major Franz von Scheiger and Herr Schliep. After the end of the meeting, it was agreed that Albania would have its own sovereignty under Nazi Germany, similar to the Independent State of Croatia.[4] Frashëri agreed to serve as regent as well as head the council. The leadership of the council was originally designed to rotate, but Lef Nosi declined for health reasons and Anton Harapi argued that as a Catholic monk he could accept no position in which he would be forced to sanction the death penalty. On November 3, 1943, Frashëri stepped down as Prime Minister and Rexhep Mitrovica took over. The Germans insisted that Frashëri still remain the head of the regency council. After World War IIWhen the Partisans declared victory in Albania, the Germans evacuated, taking Mehdi Frashëri with them. Frashëri moved to Vienna and eventually settled in Rome, where he lived until his death.[4] References1. ^Nathalie CLAYER, The Albanian students of the Mekteb-i Mülkieye, in E. Özdalga (ed.), Late Ottoman Society, The Intellectual Legacy, London & New York, RoutledgeCurzon, 2005, pp. 289-308. {{S-start}}{{s-off}}{{Succession box| before = Pandeli Evangjeli| title = Prime Minister of Albania |years=October 22, 1935–November 9, 1936| after = Koço Kota}}{{Succession box| before = Eqrem Libohova| title = Prime Minister of Albania (under Nazi Germany) |years=October 24, 1943–November 3, 1943| after = Rexhep Mitrovica}}{{S-end}}{{Presidents of Albania}}{{AlbanianPMs}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Frasheri, Mehdi}}2. ^1 {{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRMVn7D3QVMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ozdalga+late+ottoman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6_DrUqr0G7HjsAS8wIKQCA&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mustafa%20kruja&f=false| pages=301–302| author=Elisabeth Özdalga| title=Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy|series=Soas/Routledge Curzon Studies on the Middle East| publisher=Routledge|date=March 16, 2011|isbn= 978-0415665445}} 3. ^1 {{citation|language=Albanian| accessdate= 2013-12-15| url=http://www.gazetarepublika.al/2012/12/kongresi-i-durresit-25-dhjetor-1918/#| publisher=Gazeta Republika|title=Kongresi i Durrësit, 25 dhjetor 1918|trans-title=Congress of Durres, Dec 25 1918| date= 2012-12-27}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|title=Albania at war, 1939-1945|author= Bernd Jürgen Fischer|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vTZnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA215&dq=mehdi+frasheri&hl=en&ei=nCJNTuv2IOjymAXAk4TrBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=mehdi%20frasheri&f=false|accessdate=18 August 2011}} 5. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=2k9pAAAAMAAJ&q=albania%27s+captives&dq=albania%27s+captives&hl=el&pgis=1 Albania's Captives.] Pyrrhus J. Ruches. 1965. P. 91. 6. ^1 {{cite book|title=Albania in the twentieth century: a history, Volume 3|author= Owen Pearson|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3_Sh3y9IMZAC&pg=PA374&dq=mehdi+frasheri&hl=en&ei=nCJNTuv2IOjymAXAk4TrBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=mehdi%20frasheri&f=false|accessdate=18 August 2011}} 7. ^{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=elsie+albanian+history&hl=en&sa=X&ei=am39UtW9MuO_sQTRnIHoBw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=conference&f=false| author=Robert Elsie| title=Historical Dictionary of Albania| page=88| series= Historical Dictionaries of Europe| edition=2| volume=75|isbn=978-0810861886 | publisher=Scarecrow Press | year=2010| quote=Mehdi bey Frashëri was honorary chairman of the gathering, a fact later suppressed in communist historiography. The conference set in place a joint national liberation movement (Lëvizje Nacionalçlirimtare) with a provisional eight-member council, among whom were Enver Hoxha and Abaz Kupi, though the movement was increasingly dominated by the communists and eventually broke apart.}} 16 : Prime Ministers of Albania|Albanian Sufis|1872 births|1963 deaths|Albanian collaborators with Nazi Germany|Albanian nobility|Albanian anti-communists|19th-century Albanian politicians|20th-century Albanian politicians|People from Janina Vilayet|Foreign ministers of Albania|Bektashi Order|Mekteb-i Mülkiye alumni|Frashëri family|Government of Durrës|People from Gjirokastër County |
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