| 词条 | Memecylon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| image = Melastomataceae Memecylon umbellatum.jpg | image_caption = Memecylon umbellatumFrom Mirijjawila Botanical Garden, Sri Lanka | taxon = Memecylon | authority = L. }}Memecylon is a plant group in Melastomataceae. It consists of 350-400 species of small to medium-sized trees and shrubs occurring in the Old World tropics.[1][2][3] Memecylon is a monophyletic group basal to the Melastomataceae clade.[4] Memecylon taxa have more than 600 published basionyms.[1][4] Diversity of this group is concentrated in tropical Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, India and Malaysia.[7] EtymologyThe name Memecylon is derived from 'memaecylon' as used by ancient Greek philosophers Dioscorides and Pliny to describe the red fruits of Arbutus unedo (oriental strawberry tree), an unrelated plant group, alluding to the pink to reddish berries often produced by Memecylon.[4] Some vernacular names in different regions of the world are given below. English: Blue mist plant, Hindi: Anjan, Malayalam: Aattukanala [കാശാവ്], Oriya: Neymaru, Sinhala: Korakaha, Welikaha, Tamil: Kaya.[5] MorphologyMemecylon sensu lato can be diagnosed by exstipulate leaves, four-merous bisexual flowers, anthers opening by slits, enlarged connectives bearing terpenoid secreting glands and berries.[6] Memecylon sensu stricto can be distinguished from other Memecyloids by obscure nervation on leaves, non-glandular roughened leaf surface having branched sclerids, imbricate calyx, unilocular ovary and large embryo with thick and convoluted cotyledons.[7]StemsSpecies of larger stature have a characteristic brown bark with narrow and sharp furrows, most are small single stemmed trees. However, the bark of many species of smaller stature is varied and may be papery white or smooth dark red black.[3][6] LeavesLeaves are opposite, short-stalked, elliptic or ovate, mostly with widely spaced pinnate nerves either visible or obscure. Leaves along the twig are all the same size, shiny, glabrous, with entire margins, the node has a characteristic scar between the leaves, the twig bark is typically red, striated and flaky.[3] FlowersThe inflorescence is typically dense and axillary. The florets are small (usually less than 5 mm) compared to the other taxa in Melastomataceae, with short fleshy corolla parts. Cymes are bracteate, usually thyrsoid to umbel shaped, often condensed to sessile fascicles of flowers or a few-flowered heads at tips of peduncles. The florets are white or violet, the stamens blue or violet, usually obvious in aggregates, from axillary clusters. Flowers are bisexual, have inferior ovaries, but the parts are otherwise free. The calyx is valvate and there are twice as many stamens as petals.[3][6] FruitsThe fruit is from an inferior ovary, typically axillary. The calyx remnants are persistent, and are sometimes blue-black. Fruits are globose or occasionally ellipsoid, pulpy or juicy with one large seed.[3][6] DistributionThis group is distributed in approximately 53 countries of the Old World tropics and occupies a wide range of habitats. Memecylon taxa have been reported from montane forests, tropical lowland forests, grasslands, tropical rainforests with low to high rainfall, rocky mountain regions and regions with low to high temperature and a considerable overlap between ranges of different taxa.[3][7][21] Most of the plants in this group are regionally or locally endemic. Endemic Memecylon are reported from 21 countries.[7][8][9][10][11] The global distribution of this group is shown in the following Figure and some of the countries which have endemic Memecylon species are listed in the table. Table1. Number of Memecylon taxa reported from different countries
PhylogenyPhylogeny based on morphological treatmentsThe classification of Memecylon has switched back and forth among families Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae and Memecylaceae based on morphological, anatomical and molecular evidence. Early classifications excluded Memecylon and Mouriri from the Melastomataceae mainly based on placentation and seed characters. Subsequent treatments preferred to treat Memecylon as a member of Myrtaceae.[3] Again, this group has been included in Melastomataceae by Cronquist . After that, morphological and anatomical character analysis of the Melastomataceae and their traditional allies by Renner[12] identified two major lineages (Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae), and in that classification, Memecylon was placed in the Memecylaceae. Synapomorphies used in this phylogenetic analysis were anther connective and dehiscence, dorsal glands on stamen connectives, endothecium, placentation, locule Phylogeny based on molecular treatmentsMolecular phylogenetic analyses using rbcL sequence data showed that the Melastomataceae lineage consists of a subclade formed by Oliniaceae, Penaeaeae, Phynchocalycaceae and Alzateaceae sister to a subclade formed by Memecylaceae and Melastomataceae sensu stricto. Parsimony analysis showed distinct Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae clades.[14] Subsequently, Bayesian analyses using chloroplast DNA sequences from the rbcL and ndhF genes,[14] and parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses on rRNA, rbcL and atpB sequences, have shown that Memecylaceae is a sister group to Melastomataceae.[14] Later studies using combined exon and intron sequences of the nuclear glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GapC) has supported the monophyly of Memecylon.[15] However, the APG IV (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV) system of classification, a system of revised and updated classification of flowering plants, now recognizes the groups of Memecylaceae within a broader circumscription of Melastomataceae.[16] The most recent phylogenetic analysis of Memecylon included mostly African taxa and was based on two nuclear ribosomal regions, ETS and ITS. Memecylon species discovery in Madagascar increased, and comprehensive taxonomic revisions brought the total number up to 138 species, making Memecylon one of the most species-rich groups in the woody flora of Madagascar. In addition to this high species richness, a high degree of endemism of Memecylon indicated the importance of considering ecogeographic factors when making species identifications in this group.[9] Therefore, in the latest molecular phylogeny, a combined study of ecogeographic factors has been taken into account.[9] Pollination and seed dispersalThe dense and axillary showy clusters of Memecylon florets do not produce nectar. These flowers are visited by pollen-gathering bees who vibrate or manipulate the anthers.[6] Anthers open by longitudinal slits and exposed pollen invites pollen gathering bees. Anther appendages serve as a hold for bees’ legs. These flowers have terpenoid secreting glands and bees collect terpenoids. Therefore, buzz pollination is also favored. Berries are dispersed by birds and mammals. Populations of Memecylon are widely scattered within the forests as would be expected in bird-dispersed species.[6] EcologyMemecylon produce flowers and fruits more regularly than many trees of the equatorial forests. It provides a food supply for wildlife as a source of fruits. Different sympatric groups appear to segregate mainly by soil moisture.[6]EthnobotanyMemecylon has economic, medicinal and horticultural values.[6] A yellow dye and a mordant can be extracted from the leaves. They are traditionally used for dyeing silk in Thailand and the robes of Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka.[5] Fruits are edible and some are used as spices.[6] This group provides hard and valuable timber used for building houses and boats. Wood is used to make rafters, house posts, fuel wood, charcoal, tools, and handles.[17] An infusion of leaves is used as astringent for ophthalmia.[18] Further, the leaves are used in the treatment of gonorrhea, or when mixed with several other ingredients, they make good formulations for external use.[19] The bark is applied as a poultice to bruises.[18] Root and heartwood decoctionA list of Memecylon species{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
Sources
References1. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.melastomataceae.net/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715103229/http://www.melastomataceae.net/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2007-07-15|title=Melastomataceae.Net|website=www.melastomataceae.net|access-date=2017-03-27}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2705135}}2. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb01036.x | volume=1 | issue=1 | title=Seeds and embryos in Sri Lanka (Ceylonese) species of Memecylon, with notes on Spathandra (Melastomataceae) | journal=Nordic Journal of Botany | pages=62–65 | last1 = Bremer | first1 = Kåre| year=1981 }} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite journal|last=Bremer|first=Kåre|date=1981-01-01|title=Seeds and embryos in Sri Lanka (Ceylonese) species of Memecylon, with notes on Spathandra (Melastomataceae)|journal=Nordic Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=62–65|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb01036.x|issn=1756-1051}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/Special-Pages/plant-detail.aspx?id=3993|title=Memecylon|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.nhbs.com/title/213156/a-field-guide-to-economically-important-plants-of-sri-lanka|title=A Field Guide to Economically Important Plants of Sri Lanka|website=www.nhbs.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-30}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite book|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/37861854?q&versionId=49956453|title=Trees of tropical Asia : an illustrated guide to diversity / James V. LaFrankie, Jr. ; with illustrations by the author ; supplemented with photographs by other regional biologists. - Version details|website=Trove|language=en|access-date=2017-04-21|isbn=9789719479406|last1=Lafrankie|first1=James V.|year=2010}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Robert Douglas|date=2014-06-30|title=The species-rich, paleotropical genus Memecylon (Melastomataceae): Molecular[phylogenetics and revised infrageneric classification of the African species|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/iapt/tax/2014/00000063/00000003/art00006|journal=Taxon|volume=63|issue=3|pages=539–561|doi=10.12705/633.10}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/RennerProcRoySoc2004.pdf|title=Multiple Miocene Melastomataceae dispersal between Madagascar, Africa and India|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Robert Douglas|date=2012-07-06|title=Endemism, species richness and morphological trends in Madagascan Memecylon (Melastomataceae)|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/botbel/plecevo/2012/00000145/00000002/art00001|journal=Plant Ecology and Evolution|volume=145|issue=2|pages=145–151|doi=10.5091/plecevo.2012.545}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Wijedasa|first=Lahiru S.|last2=Hughes|first2=Mark|date=2012-09-07|title=A new species and new combinations of Memecylon in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia|url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.66.1.2|journal=Phytotaxa|language=en|volume=66|issue=1|pages=6–12|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.66.1.2|issn=1179-3163}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Mark|date=2013-09-25|title=Memecylon pseudomegacarpum M.Hughes (Melastomataceae), a new species of tree from Peninsular Malaysia|url=http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/177|journal=European Journal of Taxonomy|language=en|volume=0|issue=56|doi=10.5852/ejt.2013.56|issn=2118-9773}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=Susanne S.|date=2004-10-29|title=Multiple Miocene Melastomataceae dispersal between Madagascar, Africa and India|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/359/1450/1485|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=359|issue=1450|pages=1485–1494|doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1530|issn=0962-8436|pmc=1693440|pmid=15519967}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/Conti97.pdf|title=Interfamilial relationships in Myrtales: molecular phylogeny and patterns of morphological evolution|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018230226/http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/Conti97.pdf|archive-date=2016-10-18|dead-url=yes|access-date=}} 14. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Clausing|first=G.|last2=Renner|first2=S. S.|date=2001-03-01|title=Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: implications for character evolution|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=88|issue=3|pages=486–498|issn=0002-9122|pmid=11250827|doi=10.2307/2657114|jstor=2657114}} 15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Robert Douglas|date=2006-01-01|title=Phylogeny of Major Lineages in Melastomataceae, Subfamily Olisbeoideae: Utility of Nuclear Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GapC) Gene Sequences|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=31|issue=1|pages=107–121|doi=10.1600/036364406775971741|jstor=25064133}} 16. ^{{Cite journal|last=The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|date=2016-05-01|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|issn=1095-8339}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://malatumbaga.com/tree.html|title=Ancestral Building Materials|website=malatumbaga.com|access-date=2017-04-21}} 18. ^1 {{Cite journal|title=Astringent activity of Memecylon | pmc=3330965 | pmid=22557122|volume=23|issue=2|journal=Anc Sci Life|pages=120–2 | last1 = Satya | first1 = S | last2 = Vijayarani | first2 = KR | last3 = Srividhya | first3 = R | last4 = Gangatharan | first4 = N | last5 = Xavier | first5 = MF | last6 = Arunprasad | first6 = S | last7 = Kody | first7 = AP|year = 2003}} 19. ^{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232769029|title=Wound Healing activity of Memecylon umbellatum burm|journal=Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=2|issue=2|pages=179–186|access-date=|doi=10.3923/jps.2007.179.186|year=2007|first1=A. Puratchikody|first2=G. Nagalakshmi}} 3 : Memecylon|Melastomataceae genera|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
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