| 释义 |
- Conception and construction
- Architecture and facilities Annenberg Hall Memorial Transept Sanders Theatre Loker Commons Fenestration Tower and clock
- Original backdrop to John Harvard statue
- See also
- Notes
- References
- External links
{{Infobox NRHP | name =Memorial Hall, Harvard University
| nrhp_type =nhl
| image = Sanders theater 2009y.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| caption = View from southwest showing Annenberg {{nobreak|Hall (foreground)}} and Memorial {{nobreak|Transept (right).}} {{nobreak|Sanders Theatre}} is out of {{nobreak|view beyond Memorial Transept.}}
| alt= A ground-level exterior view of a large, highly ornate 19th-century building. Its main body is longer than it is high, with a single very tall story of red-orange brick with tall stained-glass windows. The steep and tall slate roof is patterned in pale shades of blue, light brown, and red-orange, arranged in broad horizontal stripes of widely varying heights. A tower rises to the right of the building's center.
| location= Cambridge, Massachusetts
| coordinates = {{coord|42|22|33.2|N|71|6|53.7|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin =
| area =
| built =1870–1877
| architect= William Robert Ware,
Henry Van Brunt
| architecture= Neo-Gothic
| governing_body = Harvard University
| refnum=70000685[1]
}}Memorial Hall, immediately north of Harvard Yard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is an imposing[2][3][4] High Victorian Gothic building honor{{shy}}ing the sacrifices made by Harvard men in defense of the Union during the American Civil War{{mdashb}}"a symbol of Boston's commitment to the Unionist cause and the abolitionist movement in America."[5]Built on a former playing field known as the Delta, it was described by Henry James as consisting of {{quote|three main divisions: one of them a theater, for academic ceremonies; another a vast refectory, covered with a timbered roof, hung about with portraits and lighted by stained windows, like the halls of the colleges of Oxford; and the third, the most interesting, a chamber high, dim and severe, consecrated to the sons of the university who fell in the long Civil War.{{refn|{{cite book|author=Henry James|title=The Bostonians}} }}
}}James' "three divisions" are known today as (respectively) Sanders Theatre; Annenberg Hall (formerly Alumni Hall or the Great Hall); and Memorial Transept. Beneath Annenberg Hall, Loker Commons offers a number of student facilities. {{clear}}Conception and construction{{Quote box |salign=right|align=right|width=30em
|quote =Memorial Hall is, in the opinion of the President and Fellows, the most valuable gift the Uni{{shy}}ver{{shy}}si{{shy}}ty has ever received, with respect alike to cost, daily usefulness, and moral significance. {{right|President's Report for 1877–78{{thinsp}}[6]
}}
This happy commemorative creation of the Union ... the great bristling brick Valhalla of the early "seventies," that house of honor and of hos{{shy}}pi{{shy}}tal{{shy}}ity which [dispenses] laurels to the dead and dinners to the living. {{right|Henry James (1905){{thinsp}}[7]
}}
... a huge Victorian Gothic barn ... {{right|Life (1941){{thinsp}}[8]
}}
}}Between 1865 and 1868 an alumni "Committee of Fifty" raised $370,000 (equal to one-twelfth of Harvard's entire endowment at the time) toward a new building in memory of Harvard men who had fought for the Union in the American Civil War,[9] particularly the 136 dead{{refn|name=bricks|{{cite book|author=Harvard University|title=Education, bricks and mortar: Harvard buildings and their contribution to the advancement of learning|chapter=Memorial Hall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRI8AAAAIAAJ|year=1949|page=81}} }}{{mdashb}}a "Hall of Alumni in which students and graduates might be inspired by the pictured and sculpted presence of her founders, benefactors, faculty, presidents, and most distinguished sons." When, about the same time,{{r|fas_concept}} a $40,000 bequest was received from Charles Sanders (class of 1802) for "a hall or theatre to be used on [any] public occasion connected with the College, whether literary or festive", a vision was formed of a single building containing a large theater as well as a large open hall, and thus meeting both goals.{{r|fas_concept}} A site was found on the "Delta", the triangle bounded by Cambridge, Kirkland, and Quincy Streets.{{efn-ua|1= "During the nineteenth century, Kirkland street went by the name of 'Professors' Row'{{nbsp}}... On the south side of the street was the college playground, the 'Delta,' so called from its shape being that of the Greek letter, bounded by Kirkland, Cambridge and Quincy streets. Here the football games took place."[10] To take over the Delta's prior role, Jarvis Field was purchased{{mdashb}}about five acres, or 2{{nbsp}}ha, bounded by Massachusetts Avenue, Oxford Street, Everett Street, and now-defunct Jarvis Street[11] (and now occupied mainly by housing for graduate students).{{r|fas_concept}} In 1874, Harvard played McGill there in the first rugby-style football game played in the United States.[12] {{pb}}In the 1960s Kirkland Street was truncated in conjunction with construction of the Science Center, so that the Delta no longer exists as an isolated city block.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
}}The project was formally named Memorial Hall in September 1870, and on October 6 the cornerstone was laid,{{r|DAR}} Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. composing a hymn for the occasion.{{efn-ua|1= Holmes' hymn: Not with the anguish of hearts that are breaking / Come we as mourners to weep for our dead; Grief in our breasts has grown weary with aching, / Green is the turf where our tears we have shed. While o'er their marbles the mosses are creeping / Stealing each name and its record away. Give their proud story to memory's keeping, / Shrined in the temple we hallow today. Hushed are their battlefields, ended their marches. / Deaf are their ears to the drumbeat of mourn-- Rise from the sod ye far columns and arches! / Tell their bright deeds to the ages unborn. Emblem and legend may fade from the portal, / Keystone may crumble and portal may fall; They were the builders whose work is immortal, / Crowned with the dome that is over us all.{{r|fas_concept}}
}}In May 1878 the Committee of Fifty notified the President and Fellows that the project was complete and the premises ready for formal transfer to the university. On July{{nbsp}}8 the President and Fellows unanimously voted to "accept with profound gratitude this splendid and precious gift."[6] Architecture and facilitiesThe building's High Victorian Gothic design, by alumni William Robert Ware and Henry Van Brunt, was selected in a blind competition. A 1907 publication gives dimensions of 305 by 113 feet, with a height of 190 feet at the tower;[10] a 2012 source gave a height of 195 feet, making it the ninth-tallest building in Cambridge at that time.[13] Its 1970 National Historic Landmark designation recognized it one of the nation's most dramatic examples of High Victorian Gothic architecture.[14] A general restoration was carried out between 1987 and 1996.[15][16] Annenberg HallWhat was originally known as Alumni Hall{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}{{mdashb}}nine thousand square feet shaped by massive wooden trusses, walnut paneling, and a blue, stenciled ceiling{{mdashb}}was dedicated in 1874. Originally intended for formal occasions such as alumni dinners, it was almost immediately converted to a dining commons, and was for fifty years the college's main dining hall (charging, in 1884, $3.97 for a month's meals).[17] In 1893 the Harvard Graduates Magazine described "the throngs of men who, at one o'clock, are to be seen racing across the yard from Harvard, Boylston, and Sever [Halls], striving to reach [Memorial] Hall ahead of slower competitors for vacant seats at the overtaxed tables".{{refn|{{citation
|work=Harvard Graduates Magazine|date=April 1893|volume=I|number=3|page=419
|title=The University. The Progress of the Year}} }} But "as the center of University life moved south toward the Charles, [the dining commons] became less popular and closed in 1925"{{thinsp}} (see Harvard College § House system) after which Alumni Hall saw mostly light use, typically as a venue for dances, banquets, examinations, and the like. In 1934 The New York Times reported that Harvard officials had "at last found a use for Memorial Hall" by siting a rifle range in the basement.{{refn|{{cite news|work=New York Times|date=February 19, 1934|author=|title=Harvard Memorial Hall Will House a Rifle Range|page=34}} }} During World War II the Crimson reportedname="Crimson1943"> Services Use Mem Hall for Cal, Drill, Classes, Movies: 70 Year Old Building Was College Center Harvard Crimson. August 24, 1943. Retrieved 2012-11-10. that "the Great Hall" was being used "in winter-time for the 6 o'clock in the morning calisthenics of the [military] Chaplain's School" (though without explaining why Harvard Divinity students had been singled out for this treatment) and intimated that Stevens Laboratory, in the basement, "is doing secret work in acoustics." After extensive renovations, in 1996 the space was renamed Annenberg Hall and supplanted, as the freshmen dining hall, the Harvard Union, which had performed that function during most of the intervening time.[16] {{clear}}Memorial TranseptThe Memorial Transept [{{convert|2600|sqft}}] consists of a {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} gothic vault above a marble floor, black walnut paneling and stenciled walls, a large stained-glass over each of two exterior doors, and{{mdashb}}commemorating 136 Harvard men who died fighting for the Union{{mdashb}}twenty-eight white tablets, {{quote|tablets to one after another of the many who thus died{{mdashb}}a thrilling list. One sees such old New England names as Peabody, Wadsworth, and Bowditch; one sees the name of Fletcher Webster; one sees that an Edward Revere died at Antietam and a Paul Revere at Gettysburg.
}}(Confederate deaths are not represented.) Memorial Transept acts as a vestibule for Sanders Theatre. Sanders TheatreSanders Theatre (substantially completed in 1875, but first used for Harvard's 1876 commencement){{r|fas_concept}} was inspired by Christopher Wren's Sheldonian Theatre. Renowned for its acoustics, and with 1166 seats Harvard's largest meeting place,{{clarify|reason=I thought it was the largest in /Cambridge/, and at the time of its building the largest in, um... some big area|date=November 2012}} Sanders is in great demand for lectures, concerts, ceremonies and conferences. Winston Churchill, Theodore Roosevelt, Martin Luther King, Jr, and Mikhail Gorbachev have spoken there.Sanders features John La Farge's stained-glass window Athena Tying a Mourning Fillet; statues of James Otis (by Thomas Crawford) and Josiah Quincy III (by William Wetmore Story) flank the stage. The exterior gables display busts of great orators: Demosthenes, Cicero, John Chrysostom, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, Edmund Burke, and Daniel Webster.[18] Sanders contributed in an unusual way to the early work of Wallace Sabine, considered the founder of architectural acoustics. In 1895, tasked with improving the dismal acoustical performance of the Fogg Museum's lecture hall, Sabine carried out a series of nocturnal experiments there, using hundreds of seat cushions borrowed from nearby Sanders as sound-absorbent material{{mdashb}}each night's work being limited by the requirement that the cushions be back in Sanders in time for morning lectures there. The scientific unit of sound absorption, the sabin, is very close to the absorption provided by one Sanders Theatre cushion.[19] Loker CommonsBeneath Annenberg Hall, Loker Commons offers a student pub, music practice spaces, and other facilities. FenestrationTwenty-two stained-glass windows, installed between 1879 and 1902, include several by John La Farge, Louis Comfort Tiffany Studios, Donald MacDonald, Sarah Wyman Whitman,[20] and Charles Mills.[21] Tower and clock{{nobr|The central tower was nearly complete}}by 1876, but criticism convinced Van Brunt and Ware to revise it in 1877. In 1897{{r|jhj}} was added what a 1905 guidebook described as "an enormous [four-faced clock which] detonates the hours in a manner which is by no means conducive to the sleep of the just and the rest of the weary",{{refn|{{cite book|last=Stearns|first=Frank Preston|authorlink=Frank Preston Stearns|title=Cambridge Sketches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58EgAAAAMAAJ|year=1905|publisher=J. B. Lippincott|page=39}} }} and which Kenneth John Conant termed "railroad Gothic".{{refn|{{cite magazine|work=Harvard Magazine|title=The College Pump|date=May{{ndash}}June 1996|volume=98|number=5|url=https://harvardmagazine.com/1996/05/pump.html}} }} {{anchor|Clapper Case}}In 1932 the clock's driving works, and the associated 155-pound (70{{nbsp}}kg) bell-clapper, were somehow lowered 115 feet (35{{nbsp}}m) to the ground without attracting attention; visiting Yale students were suspected{{refn|{{cite news
|title=Apted's Work in Codfish Tangle Brings Promotion|date=May 1, 1933
|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1933/5/1/apteds-work-in-codfish-tangle-brings/|work=The Harvard Crimson}} {{open access}} }}{{refn|{{cite news
|title=Harvard Bell Tongue Stolen From Tower; Some Blame Yale Men for 'Mem Hall' Theft
|work=The New York Times|date=April 13, 1932|page=40}} }} but the clapper was never found. Three years later the disappearance of the replacement clapper, under similar circumstances, was rumored to be Yale's revenge for the theft of its mascot, Handsome Dan.{{refn|{{cite news
|title=Harvard Bell Silenced: Clapper Disappears While Yale Men Are at Cambridge
|work=The New York Times|date= March 14, 1935|page=21}} }}{{refn|{{cite news
|url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Rome%20NY%20Daily%20Sentinel/Rome%20NY%20Daily%20Sentinel%201935/Rome%20NY%20Daily%20Sentinel%201935%20-%200922.pdf
|work=Rome Daily Sentinel|location=Rome, New York|title=Presenting the Wide World in Pictures. A Mystery in the Harvard Yard.}} {{open access}} }}{{refn|{{cite magazine
|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2004/03/the-pranksters-secret-html|work=The Harvard Magazine
|title=The Undergraduate. The Prankster's Secret|first= Lee Hudson |last=Teslik|date=March{{ndash}}April 2004}} {{open access}} }} The 1897 tower was destroyed by fire in 1956 and rebuilt, to its 1877{{ndash}}1897 appearance, in 1996.{{refn|name=jhj|{{cite magazine|work=Harvard Magazine|title=John Harvard's Journal. Restored|date=March{{ndash}}April 1999|url=https://harvardmagazine.com/1999/03/jhj.restored.html}} }} {{clear}}Original backdrop to John Harvard statueThe John Harvard statue was originally (1884) installed before Memorial Hall's west façade, but in 1924 it was moved to its current location on the west side of University Hall. Memorial Hall being still, at the time, the college dining hall, a Harvard Lampoon cartoon showed "John Harvard" dismounting his plinth, chair in tow, and holding his nose because he "couldn't stand the smell of 'Mem' any longer".{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} See also- List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Notes{{notelist-ua}}References1. ^{{NRISref|2007a}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=Harvard and Its Surroundings|author=King, M.|date=1884|publisher=Moses King|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xAhwXaU5nwoC&pg=PA41|page=41|accessdate=2017-01-29}}
3. ^{{cite book|title=American Architect and Architecture|date=1889|volume=25|publisher=American Architect|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z6wxAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PR10|accessdate=2017-01-29}}
4. ^{{cite book|title=The Dublin University Magazine: A Literary and Political Journal|date=1878|volume=92|publisher=W. Curry, jun., and Company|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kNEvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA503|page=503|accessdate=2017-01-29}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Harvard University: An Architectural Tour|author1=Shand-Tucci, D.|author2=Cheek, R.|date=2001|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=9781568982809|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3g6vmGl0UgwC&pg=PA158|page=158|accessdate=2017-01-29}}
6. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=iToBAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA147 Appendix II: Transfer of Memorial Hall], President's Report for 1877–78, Harvard University, pp. 145–147
7. ^Henry James, "New England: an Autumn Impression.{{snd}}III." North American Review, v. 180 n. 6. June, 1905. p.808
8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=nUwEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Harvard: America's Great University Now Leads the World] Life, vol. 10, no. 18 (May 5, 1941), cover, pp. 22, 89–99 at p. 95
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fas.harvard.edu/~memhall/history.html |title=History of Memorial Hall |work=Fas.harvard.edu |date= |accessdate=2015-03-30}}
10. ^1 {{cite book|last= Hannah Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. |title= Historic Guide to Cambridge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy4C1NAY3soC&pg=PA163 |edition= Second |year= 1907 |page= 163 }}
11. ^{{cite book|author=Thomas Coffin Amory|title=Old Cambridge and New|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQnVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA16|year=1871|publisher=James R. Osgood & Company|page=16}}
12. ^{{cite web | title = No Christian End! | work = The Journey to Camp: The Origins of American Football to 1889 | publisher = Professional Football Researchers Association | url = http://www.profootballresearchers.com/articles/No_Christian_End.pdf | accessdate = 2010-01-26}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-cambridge-ma-usa|title=Cambridge's tallest buildings - Top 20|publisher=Emporis.com|accessdate=2012-11-14}}
14. ^{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=70000685}}|title=NHL nomination for Memorial Hall, Harvard University|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2015-02-27}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.architects.org/committees/news/december-2011-meeting-notes |title=December 2011 meeting notes | Boston Society of Architects |work=Architects.org |date=2011-03-09 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}
16. ^1 Office for the Arts at Harvard: Annenberg Hall; Aug. 15, 2011 http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~memhall/annenberg.html
17. ^"Fact and Rumor", Harvard Crimson, November 15, 1884.
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~memhall/exterior.html|publisher=fas.harvard.edu|title= Description of Exterior of Sanders Theatre from the Office for the Arts at Harvard |accessdate=2017-01-29}}
19. ^{{cite book|title=Environmental Issues for Architecture|author=Smith, D.L.|date=2011|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780470644355|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deH-4fRljnAC&pg=PT277|accessdate=2017-01-29}}
20. ^Christopher Reed, War and Peace: A stained-glass window in Harvard’s Memorial Hall Harvard Magazine, January–February 2010.
21. ^{{cite news | title = Dedham Historical Society Hosts an Exhibition of Paintings by Charles Mills | page = 17 | newspaper = The Dedham Times | volume = 25 | issue = 28 | date = July 14, 2017 }}
External links{{commons category|Memorial Hall, Harvard University}}- Memorial Hall (Harvard University)
- High Victorian Gothic photographs
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=nUwEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Harvard: America's Great University Now Leads the World] Life, vol. 10, no. 18 (May 5, 1941), cover, pp. 22, 89–99. Photo caption, p. 95: "In Memorial Hall, a huge Victorian Gothic barn dedicated to Harvard's Civil War dead, the college's Naval R.O.T.C. unit drills."
{{Harvard|state=collapsed}}{{National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts}} 11 : Harvard University buildings|School buildings completed in 1877|National Historic Landmarks in Cambridge, Massachusetts|Monuments and memorials in Massachusetts|Military monuments and memorials in the United States|University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts|Harvard Square|Theatres in Massachusetts|Concert halls in Massachusetts|Tourist attractions in Cambridge, Massachusetts|National Register of Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts |