| 词条 | Merycoidodontoidea |
| 释义 |
| name = | image = Oreodonts.jpg | image_caption=Reconstructions of various Miocene oreodonts, including Merycochoerus, Promerycochoerus, and Brachycrus | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|35|5}}Late Eocene to Miocene[1] | taxon = Merycoidodontoidea | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision =
}} Merycoidodontoidea, sometimes called "oreodonts," or "ruminating hogs", is an extinct superfamily of prehistoric cud-chewing artiodactyls with short faces and fang-like canine teeth. As their name implies, some of the better known forms were generally hog-like, and the group has traditionally been placed within the Suina (pigs, peccaries and their ancestors), though some recent work suggests they may have been more closely related to camels.[2] "Oreodont" means "mountain teeth", referring to the appearance of the molars. Most oreodonts were sheep-sized, though some genera grew to the size of cattle. They were heavy-bodied, with short four-toed hooves and comparatively long tails. The animals would have looked rather pig- or sheep-like, but features of their teeth indicate they were more closely related to camelids. They were most likely woodland and grassland browsers, and were widespread in North America during the Oligocene and Miocene. Later forms diversified to suit a range of different habitats. For example, Promerycochoerus had adaptations suggesting a semiamphibious lifestyle, similar to that of modern hippos.[3] TaxonomyThe two families of oreodonts are the Merycoidodontidae (originally known as Oreodontidae) which contains all of the advanced species, and the Agriochoeridae, smaller, primitive oreodonts. Together they form the now-extinct suborder Oreodonta. Oreodonts may have been distantly related to pigs, hippopotamuses, and the pig-like peccaries. Indeed, some scholars{{who|date=February 2019}} place Merycoidodontidae within the pig-related suborder Suina (Suiformes). Other scholars{{who|date=February 2019}} place oreodonts closer to camels in the suborder Tylopoda. Still other experts{{who|date=February 2019}} put the oreodonts together with the short-lived cainotheres in the taxonomic suborder Ancodonta comprising these two groups of extinct ancodonts. All scholars agree, however, that the oreodont was an early form of even-toed ungulate, belonging to the order Artiodactyla. Today, most evidence points towards the oreodonts being tylopods, along with camels, xiphodonts, and protoceratids.{{cn|date=February 2019}} Over 50 genera of Oreodonta have been described in the paleozoological literature. However, oreodonts are widely considered to be taxonomically oversplit,[4][4] and many of these genera may prove to be synonymous. The last researchers to fully review oreodont taxonomy, C. Bertrand Schultz and Charles H. Falkenbach,[5] have been criticized for erecting excessive numbers of genera, based in part on apparent anatomical differences between different specimens that were actually taphonomic deformations due to postburial forces.[4] Undeformed skulls would be placed in one genus, while skulls crushed from side to side would be placed in a second genus and skulls crushed from front to back would be placed in a third genus. Researchers are beginning to restudy oreodonts and synonymize many genera, but only a few groups have been reviewed.[4][9][6] Natural historyThis diverse group of stocky prehistoric mammals grazed amid the grasslands, prairies, or savannas of North and Central America throughout much of the Cenozoic era. First appearing 48 million years ago (Mya) during the warm Eocene epoch of the Paleogene period, the oreodonts dominated the American landscape 34 to 23 Mya during the dry Oligocene epoch, but they mysteriously disappeared 4 Mya during the colder Pliocene epoch of the late Neogene period.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} Today, fossil jaws and teeth of the Oreodonta are commonly found amid the 'Oreodon beds' (White River fauna) of the White River badlands in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Wyoming. Many oreodont bones have also been reported at the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in Oregon. Some oreodonts have been found at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument. In Oligocene/Miocene Florida, oreodonts are surprisingly rare. Instead of the swarms found elsewhere, only six genera of oreodonts are known to have ranged there, and only one, Mesoreodon, is known from a single, good skeleton. LifestyleThe majority of oreodonts are presumed to have lived in herds, as suggested by the thousands of individuals in the various mass mortalities seen in the White River Badlands, Nebraska Oreodont beds, or Chula Vista, California.{{cn|date=February 2019}} DiversityOreodonts underwent a huge diversification during the Oligocene and Miocene, adapting to a number of ecological niches, including:
ClassificationThe family Merycoidodontidae is divided into eleven subfamilies, with four genera not included in any subfamily (incertae sedis) because they are either regarded as basal oreodonts, or their status within the family remains uncertain.
In,[4] the classification of Oreodontoidea was as follows:
References1. ^{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|page= 270|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q134697}}2. ^Spaulding, M., O'Leary, M.A. & Gatesy, J. (2009): Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution. PLoS ONE no 4(9): e7062. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0007062}} article 3. ^{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|pages= 270–271|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |last=Lander |first=B. |editor=Janis, C.M. |editor2=Scott, K.M. |editor3=Jacobs, L.L. |title=Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America |edition= |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-35519-2 |pages=402–425 |chapter=Oreodontoidea }} 5. ^{{cite journal |author1=Schultz, C.B. |author2=C.H. Falkenbach |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 1968 | title = The phylogeny of the oreodonts: parts 1 and 2 | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 139 | issue = | pages = 1–498 | hdl = 2246/1992}} 6. ^{{cite journal |author1=Hoffman, J.M. |author2=D.R. Prothero |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2004 | title = Revision of the late Oligocene dwarfed leptauchenine oreodont Sespia (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) | journal = Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science | volume = 26 | issue = | pages = 155–164 | url = }} 7. ^1 {{cite book |last=CoBabe |first=E.A. |editor=Prothero, D.R. |editor2=Emry, R.J. |title=The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America |edition= |year= 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-43387-8 |pages=574–580 |chapter=Leptaucheniinae }} 8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last=Stevens |first=M.S. |authorlink= |author2=Stevens, J.B. |editor=Prothero, D.R. |editor2=Emry, R.J. |title=The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America |edition= |year= 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-43387-8 |pages=498–573 |chapter=Merycoidodontinae and Miniochoerinae }} 4 : Oreodonts|Miocene extinctions|White River Fauna|Eocene first appearances |
| 随便看 |
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。