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词条 Democratic Left Alliance
释义

  1. History

      Ideology and support patterns    Coalition    Electoral victory    Rywin-gate    Decline after Rywin-gate    Opposition: 2005–present  

  2. Election results

      Sejm    Senate    Presidential    European Parliament    Regional assemblies  

  3. Presidents and Prime Ministers

      Presidents of the Republic of Poland from SLD    Prime Ministers of the Republic of Poland from SLD  

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Expand Polish|Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej|date=July 2017}}{{multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date = October 2010}}{{original research|date=October 2010}}
}}{{Infobox political party
| name = Democratic Left Alliance
| logo = Bund der Demokratischen Linken Logo.svg
| logo_size = 220px
| colorcode = #CE000C
| leader = {{illm|Włodzimierz Czarzasty|de||pl}}
| foundation = 1991 (as a coalition)
15 April 1999 (as a party)
| ideology = Social democracy[1]
| headquarters = ul. Złota 9 Warsaw
| international = Progressive Alliance
| website = {{URL|www.sld.org.pl}}
| country = Poland
| native_name = {{lang|pl|Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej}}
| colours = Red
| merger = SdRP, minor parties
| position = Centre-left
| membership_year = 2018
| membership = 33,554[2]
| youth_wing = Social Democratic Youth Federation
| national =
| european = Party of European Socialists
| europarl = Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
| seats1_title = Sejm
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|460|hex=#CE000C}}
| seats2_title = Senate
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|0|100|hex=#CE000C}}
| seats3_title = European Parliament
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|3|51|hex=#CE000C}}
| seats5_title = Regional assemblies
| seats5 = {{Composition bar|11|552|hex=#CE000C}}
}}

Democratic Left Alliance ({{lang-pl|Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej}}, SLD) is a social-democratic[3][4][5] political party in Poland. It was formed in 1991 as an electoral alliance of centre-left parties, and became a single party on 15 April 1999. The SLD has no representation in the Sejm or Senate following the 2015 parliamentary election. The party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance.

History

Ideology and support patterns

The coalition can be classified as left-wing. However, during the 1990s, it managed to attract voters from the pro-market and even right-wing camp.[6] The main support for SLD came from middle-rank state sector employees, retired people, former Polish United Workers Party (PZPR) and All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ){{clarify|date=September 2016}} members and those who were unlikely to be frequent church-goers.[7] The core of the coalition (Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland) rejected concepts such as lustration and de-communization, supported a parliamentarian regime with only the role of an arbiter for the president and criticized the right-wing camp for introduction of religious education into school.[8] The ex-communists criticized the economic reforms, pointing to the high social costs, without negating the reforms per se.

Coalition

SdRP, SDU and some other socialist and social-democratic parties had formed the original Democratic Left Alliance as a centre-left coalition just prior to the nation's first free elections in 1991. In 1999 the coalition became a party, but lost some members.

At the time, the coalition's membership drew mostly from the former PZPR. An alliance between the SLD and the Polish People's Party (PSL) ruled Poland in the years 1993–1997. However the coalition lost power to the right-wing Solidarity Electoral Action in the 1997 election as the right-wing opposition was united this time and because of the decline of support for SLD's coalition partner PSL, though the SLD itself actually gained votes.

Electoral victory

SLD formed a coalition with Labour Union before the 2001 Polish election and won it overwhelmingly at last by capturing about 5.3 million votes, 42% of the whole and won 200 of 460 seats in the Sejm and 75 of 100 in the Senate. After the elections, the coalition was joined by the Polish People's Party (PSL) in forming a government and Leszek Miller became the Prime Minister. In March 2003, the PSL left the coalition.

Rywin-gate

By 2004 the support for SLD in the polls had dropped from about 30% to just below 10%, and several high-ranking party members had been accused of taking part in high-profile political scandals by the mainstream press (most notably the Rywin affair: Rywin-gate).

On 6 March 2004, Leszek Miller resigned as party leader and was replaced by Krzysztof Janik. On March 26 the Sejm speaker Marek Borowski, together with other high-ranking SLD officials, announced the creation of a new centre-left party, the Social Democratic Party of Poland. On the next day, Leszek Miller announced he would step down as Prime Minister on 2 May 2004, the day after Poland joined the European Union. Miller proceeded to do so.

Decline after Rywin-gate

In the 2004 European Parliament election, it only received 9% of the votes, giving it 5 of 54 seats reserved for Poland in the European Parliament, as part of the Party of European Socialists.

Wojciech Olejniczak, the former Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, was elected the president of SLD on 29 May 2004, succeeded Józef Oleksy, who resigned from the post of Polish Prime Minister due to false accusations of links to the KGB.

Opposition: 2005–present

The 2004 European elections foreshadowed the SLD's huge defeat in the 2005 parliamentary election, in which it won only 11.3% of the vote. This gave the party 55 seats, barely a quarter of what it had had prior to the election. It also lost all of its Senators. In late 2006 a centre-left political alliance called Left and Democrats was created, comprising SLD and smaller centre-left parties, the Labour Union, the Social Democratic Party of Poland, and the liberal Democratic Party – demokraci.pl. The coalition won a disappointing 13% in the 2007 parliamentary election and was dissolved soon after in April 2008. On 31 May 2008, Olejniczak was replaced by Grzegorz Napieralski as SLD leader.

In the 2009 European election the Democratic Left Alliance-Labor Union joint ticket received 12% of the vote and 7 MEPs were elected as part of the newly retitled Socialists & Democrats group.

In the 2011 parliamentary election, SLD received 8.24% of the vote which gave it 27 seats in the Sejm.[9] After the elections, one of the party members, Sławomir Kopyciński, decided to leave SLD and join Palikot's Movement.[10] On December 10, 2011, Leszek Miller was chosen to return as the party leader.

In the 2014 European elections on 25 May 2014, the SLD received 9.4% of the national vote and returned 4 MEPs.

In July 2015 the SLD formed the United Left electoral alliance along with Your Movement (TR), Labour United (UP) and The Greens (PZ) and minor parties to contest the upcoming election.[11][12]

In the 2015 parliamentary election held on 25 October 2015, the United Left list received 7.6% of the vote,[13] below the 8% threshold (electoral alliances must win at least 8% of the vote, as opposed to the 5% for individual parties),[14] leaving the SLD without parliamentary representation for the first time. Indeed, for the first time since the end of Communism, no centre-left parties won any seats in this election.[15]

In 2017, the party withdrew from the Socialist International, while maintaining ties with the Progressive Alliance.{{cn|date=August 2018}}

Election results

Sejm

Election year # of
votes		 % of
vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/– Govt?
1991 1,344,820 12.0 (#2)60|460|hex=Red}} {{decrease}} 113Opposition}}
1993 2,815,169 20.4 (#1)171|460|hex=Red}} {{increase}} 111Coalition}}
1997 3,551,224 27.1 (#2)164|460|hex=Red}} {{decrease}} 6Opposition}}
2001 5,342,519 41.0 (#1)200|460|hex=Red}} {{increase}} 32Coalition}}
As part of the SLD-UP coalition, which won 216 seats in total.
2005 1,335,257 11.3 (#4)55|460|hex=Red}} {{decrease}} 145Opposition}}
2007 2,122,981 13.2 (#3)40|460|hex=Red}} {{decrease}} 15Opposition}}
As part of the Left and Democrats coalition, which won 53 seats in total.
2011 1,184,303 8.2 (#5)27|460|hex=Red}} {{decrease}} 13Opposition}}
2015 1,147,102 7.6 (#5)0|460|hex=Red}} {{decrease}} 27Extra-parliamentary}}
As part of the United Left coalition, which did not win any seats.

Senate

Election year # of
overall seats won		 +/–
19914|100|hex=Red}} {{increase}} 4
199337|100|hex=Red}} {{increase}} 33
199728|100|hex=Red}} {{decrease}} 9
200175|100|hex=Red}} {{increase}} 47
20050|100|hex=Red}} {{decrease}} 75
20070|100|hex=Red}} {{steady}}
20110|100|hex=Red}} {{steady}}
20150|100|hex=Red}} {{steady}}

Presidential

Election yearCandidate1st round2nd round
# of overall votes % of overall vote # of overall votes % of overall vote
1990 Supported Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz 1,514,025 9.2 (#4)
1995 Aleksander Kwaśniewski 6,275,670 35.1 (#1) 9,704,439 51.7 (#1)
2000 Supported Aleksander Kwaśniewski 9,485,224 53.9 (#1)
2005 Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (candidate withdrew)
2010 Grzegorz Napieralski 2,299,870 13.7 (#3)
2015 Magdalena Ogórek 353,883 2.4 (#5)

European Parliament

Election year # of
votes		 % of
vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/–
2004 569,311 9.4 (#5)5|54|hex=Red}} {{increase}} 5
2009 908,765 12.3 (#3)7|50|hex=Red}} {{increase}} 2
2014 667,319 9.4 (#3)5|51|hex=Red}} {{decrease}} 2

Regional assemblies

Election year % of
vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/–
1998 31.8 (#2)329|855|hex=Red}}
2002 24.7 (#1)189|561|hex=Red}}
2006 14.3 (#3)66|561|Red}} {{decrease}} 123
As part of the Left and Democrats coalition.
2010 15.2 (#4)85|561|Red}} {{increase}} 19
2014 8.8 (#4)28|555|Red}} {{decrease}} 57
2018 6.7 (#4)11|552|Red}} {{decrease}} 17

Presidents and Prime Ministers

Presidents of the Republic of Poland from SLD

NameImamgeFromTo
Aleksander Kwaśniewski23 December 199523 December 2005

Prime Ministers of the Republic of Poland from SLD

NameImamgeFromTo
Józef Oleksy7 March 19957 February 1996
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz7 February 199631 October 1997
Leszek Miller19 October 20012 May 2004
Marek Belka2 May 200431 October 2005

See also

  • List of Democratic Left Alliance politicians
  • coalition Democratic Left Alliance-Labor Union

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/poland.html|title=Poland|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2015|accessdate=4 July 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Polskie partie to fikcja|url=http://www.rmf24.pl/fakty/polska/news-polskie-partie-to-fikcja,nId,724993|accessdate=30 June 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080806/http://www.rmf24.pl/fakty/polska/news-polskie-partie-to-fikcja%2CnId%2C724993|archivedate=14 June 2016|df=}}
3. ^{{cite book|author=José Magone|title=Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g73UtvxJsFcC&pg=PA457|accessdate=19 July 2013|date=26 August 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-84639-1|page=457}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Susanne Jungerstam-Mulders|title=Post-Communist Eu Member States: Parties and Party Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNa6l58HNWoC&pg=PA94|accessdate=6 February 2013|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-4712-6|page=94}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Dimitri Almeida|title=The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD7bKbo0FYEC&pg=PT71|accessdate=14 July 2013|date=27 April 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-136-34039-0|page=71}}
6. ^The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe by András Bozóki, John T. Ishiyama. M.E. Sharpe, 2002. pp 70-71
7. ^The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe by András Bozóki, John T. Ishiyama. M.E. Sharpe, 2002. p. 82
8. ^Communist and Post-communist Parties in Europe edited by Uwe Backes, Patrick Moreau. p. 321.
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://wybory2011.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/000000.html|title=Elections 2011 – Election results|publisher=National Electoral Commission|accessdate=2011-11-20|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214075746/http://wybory2011.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/000000.html|archivedate=2011-12-14|df=}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/362577,posel-kopycinski-z-sld-przeszedl-do-ruchu-palikota.html|title=Poseł Kopyciński z SLD przeszedł do Ruchu Palikota|date=2011-10-20|accessdate=2011-11-20|publisher=.dziennik.pl|language=Polish|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122063254/http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/362577,posel-kopycinski-z-sld-przeszedl-do-ruchu-palikota.html|archivedate=2011-11-22|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/214270,Polish-left-to-unite-for-general-election|title=Polish left to unite for general election|author=|date=|website=thenews.pl|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041744/http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/214270,Polish-left-to-unite-for-general-election|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/215243,United-Left-to-unveil-programme-in-midAugust|title=United Left to unveil programme in mid-August|author=|date=|website=thenews.pl|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033301/http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/215243,United-Left-to-unveil-programme-in-midAugust|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/11/03/did-poland-just-vote-in-an-authoritarian-government|title=Did Poland just vote in an authoritarian government?|author1=Hubert Tworzecki|author2=Radosław Markowski|publisher=The Washington Post|date=2015-11-03|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205133304/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/11/03/did-poland-just-vote-in-an-authoritarian-government/|archivedate=2016-12-05|df=}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/22/polish-elections-2015-a-guide-to-the-parties-polls-and-electoral-system|title=Polish elections 2015: a guide to the parties, polls and electoral system|last=Nardelli|first=Alberto|publisher=The Guardian|date=2015-10-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109201451/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/22/polish-elections-2015-a-guide-to-the-parties-polls-and-electoral-system|archivedate=2017-01-09|df=}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2015/10/28/right-wing-shift-new-polish-parliament-has-left-wing/ywLYGOUE5TVOyCyKRCzzfI/story.html|title=Left wing is shut out in parliamentary vote in conservative Poland|last=Gaeta|first=Vanessa|publisher=Associated Press|work=The Boston Globe|date=2015-10-28|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304113733/https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2015/10/28/right-wing-shift-new-polish-parliament-has-left-wing/ywLYGOUE5TVOyCyKRCzzfI/story.html|archivedate=2017-03-04|df=}}

External links

{{Commons category|Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej}}
  • {{Official website}}
  • The Warsaw Voice Article. 24 November 2004.
{{SLDLeaders}}{{Polish political parties|state=collapsed}}{{Party of European Socialists}}{{Authority control}}

6 : 1999 establishments in Poland|Party of European Socialists member parties|Political parties established in 1999|Political parties in Poland|Progressive Alliance|Social democratic parties in Poland
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