“Demographics of Austria”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Austria, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Austrians are a homogeneous people, although four decades of strong immigration from other parts of Europe have significantly changed the composition of the population of Austria.

According to the 2001 population census, 88.6% are native German speakers (96% Austro-Bavarian dialects and 4% Alemanic dialects) while the remaining 11.4% speak several minority languages. The non-German speakers of Austria can be divided into two groups: traditional minorities, who are related to territories formerly part of the Habsburg Monarchy, and new minorities, resulting from recent immigration.

Total Fertility Rate from 1870 to 1899

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period in the present-day Hungary. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.^[2]

Vital statistics since 1900

Other demographic statistics

There are 185,000 Turks, including Turkish Kurds, in Austria today, accounting for 2.2% of the population. This is the third largest ethnic minority after Serbs and Federal Germans (2.7%).^[8]

There are three "traditional" ethnic minorities within Austria that have found themselves within Austria as a result of European boundary changes over the years. They are Carthinian Slovenes, Croats and Hungarians.^[8]

Modern immigration has resulted in the creation of a number of sizeable new ethic groups in Austria. Notably more than 300,000 people came to Austria from the former Yugoslavia during and after the wars there, as well as more than 300,000 from Turkey.^[8]

The number of people living in Austria but born elsewhere increased by 35% over the past decade. Austria estimates that 81% of its population had no migration background, while about 19% had at least one parent of migrant background. There are estimated to be 415,000 descendants of foreign-born immigrants in the country.^[8]

The majority of Austrians (73.6%) in the 2001 census reported that they were Roman Catholic. Protestants made up a further 4.7% of the population and Muslims 4.2%. 12% of respondents said that they were not religious.^[8]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook.^[5] and Statistik Austria.

Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians, Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, Germans 0.9%, other or unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)

German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene, official in South Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 est.)

Catholic 73.8% (includes Roman Catholic 73.6%, other Catholic 0.2%), Protestant 4.9%, Muslim 4.2%, Orthodox 2.2%, other 0.8% (includes other Christian), none 12%, unspecified 2% (2001 est.)

Ethnic groups

Traditional ethnic minorities in Austria

Only three numerically significant traditional minority groups exist – 14,000 Carinthian Slovenes (according to the 2001 census – unofficial estimates of Slovene organisations put the number at 50,000) in Austrian Carinthia (south central Austria) and about 25,000 Croats and 20,000 Hungarians in Burgenland (on the Hungarian border). The Slovenes (also called 'Windische') form a closely knit community. Their rights as well as those of the Croats are protected by law and generally respected in practice. The present boundaries of Austria, once the center of the Habsburg Empire that constituted the second-largest state in Europe, were established in accordance with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1919. Some Austrians, particularly near Vienna, still have relatives in countries that made up the Monarchy, namely Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Hungary.

New ethnic minorities in Austria

According to the Austrian Statistical Bureau, 814,800 foreigners legally lived in Austria in mid-2006, representing 9.8% of the total population, one of the highest rates in Europe.

Of these foreign residents, 305,100 came from the former Yugoslavia and 110,800 from Turkey.

Owing to a growing naturalization rate, 330,000 people have been naturalized between 1985 and the end of 2003, representing about 4% of the 7.4 million Austrian citizens living today in the country.

Of these new citizens 110,000 came from the former Yugoslavia and 90,000 from Turkey. Considering pre-1985 naturalizations, in 2005 at least 18% (in Vienna more than 30%) of the population was either foreign or of foreign origin. Native Austrians have had stagnant demographics since World War I, and have been in absolute decline since the 1970s.

Immigration

As of 2011, Statistik Austria official estimates have shown that 81% of residents, or 6.75 million^[7] had no migration background and more than 19% or 1.6 million inhabitants^[7] had at least one parent of immigrant background.{{clarify|date=August 2015}} There are more than 415,000 descendants of foreign-born immigrants^[7] residing in Austria, the great majority of whom have been naturalized.

According to Eurostat, there were 1.27 million foreign-born residents in Austria in 2010, corresponding to 15.2% of the total population. Of these, 764,000 (9.1%) were born outside the EU and 512,000 (6.1%) were born in another EU member state.^[8]

350,000 ethnic Turks^[9] (including a minority of Turkish Kurds) currently live in Austria. At about 3% of the total population, they make up the biggest single ethnic minority in Austria.

Languages

Religion

In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic,^[13] while about 5% considered themselves Protestants.^[13] Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant,^[14] are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called "Kirchenbeitrag" ("Ecclesiastical/Church contribution"). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for the end of 2016 from the Austrian Roman Catholic church lists 5,162,622 members, or 58.8% of the total Austrian population. Sunday church attendance was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015.^[15] The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.

About 12% of the population declared that they have no religion.^[13] in 2001; this share had grown to 20% by 2015.^[16] Of the remaining people, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, mainly due to the influx from Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo.^[13] The number of Muslims has doubled in 15 years to 700,000 in 2016.^[17] About 680,000 are members of Orthodox Churches (mostly Serbs), about 21,000 people are active Jehovah's Witnesses^[18] and about 8,100 are Jewish.^[13]

An estimated 15,000 Jews or adherents of Judaism live in Austria, primarily in Vienna – a remnant of the post-World War II community after the Nazi Holocaust.

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|title=Total Population. Population since 1869|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_en/statistics/PeopleSociety/population/population_censuses_register_based_census_register_based_labour_market_statistics/totaL_population/index.html|website=Statistics Austria|accessdate=7 May 2017}}
2. ^¹²³{{cite|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=AUT|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last two centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/index.html|title=Bevölkerung|first=STATISTIK|last=AUSTRIA|website=Statistik.at|accessdate=24 August 2017}}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/austria-population/|title=Austria Population 2018|website=World Population Review}}
5. ^¹{{cite|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/au.html|title= The World FactBook - Austria|date=July 12, 2018|work=The World Factbook}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://science.orf.at/science/lenz/117377 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2005-05-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050512061008/http://science.orf.at/science/lenz/117377 |archivedate=2005-05-12 |df= }}
7. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://medienservicestelle.at/migration_bewegt/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/IBIB_2012_Integrationsbericht.pdf|format=PDF|title=STATISTIK AUSTRIA Kommission für Migrations - und Integrationsforschung der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2012|page=23|website=Medienservicestelle.at|accessdate=2017-08-24}}
8. ^6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad, Eurostat, Katya VASILEVA, 34/2011.
9. ^{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=Turkey's ambassador to Austria prompts immigration spat|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11725311|accessdate=2010-11-10|work=BBC News|date=2010-11-10}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/293019/umfrage/auslaender-in-oesterreich-nach-staatsangehoerigkeit/|title=Österreich - Ausländer nach Staatsangehörigkeiten 2018 - Statistik|website=Statista|accessdate=12 March 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://derstandard.at/1356427038415/Kirchenaustritte-gingen-2012-um-11-Prozent-zurueck?seite=2#forumstart|title=Kirchenaustritte gingen 2012 um elf Prozent zurück|trans-title=Leaving church increased by eleven percent in 2012|language=de|work=derStandard.at|date=8 January 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020110426/http://derstandard.at/1356427038415/Kirchenaustritte-gingen-2012-um-11-Prozent-zurueck?seite=2|archivedate=20 October 2013}}
12. ^WZ-Recherche 2016. Published in article: "Staat und Religion". Wiener Zeitung, January 2016.
13. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web | title=Census 2001: Population 2001 according to religious affiliation and nationality|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/bevoelkerung_2001_nach_religionsbekenntnis_und_staatsangehoerigkeit_022894.pdf|accessdate=17 December 2007|language=German|publisher=Statistik Austria|format=PDF}}
14. ^Tax is only mandatory for Lutherans and Reformed.
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.katholisch.at/statistik|title=Katholische Kirche Österreichs, Statistik|last=|first=|date=|website=|accessdate=12 February 2017}}
16. ^Church data retrieved 14 January 2015
17. ^Zahl der Muslime in Österreich seit 2001 verdoppelt diepresse.com, 04/08/2017.
18. ^{{cite book|title=2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watch Tower Society|page=178}}