| 词条 | Demographics of South Africa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| country = South Africa | image = | caption = Population of South Africa, 1961–2017 | size_of_population = 57,725,600 (July 2018 estimate)[1] | density = 45.78/km2 | growth = 1.55%[1] | birth = 20.8 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) | death = 9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) | life = 64 years (2018 est.) | life_male = 61 years (2018 est.) | life_female = 67 years (2018 est.) | infant_mortality = 36.4 deaths/1,000 (2018 est.) | fertility = 2.4 children born/woman (2018 est.) | age_0-14_years = 28.9% (male 7,093,328/female 7,061,579) | age_15-64_years = 65.8% (male 16,275,424/female 15,984,181) | age_65_years = 5.4% (male 1,075,117/female 1,562,860) (2010 est.) | total_mf_ratio = 0.99 male(s)/female (2010 est.) | sr_at_birth = 1.02 male(s)/female | sr_under_15 = 1 male(s)/female | sr_15-64_years = 1.02 male(s)/female | sr_65_years_over = 0.68 male(s)/female | nation = South African | major_ethnic = | minor_ethnic = | official = See Languages of South Africa | spoken = }} The demographics of South Africa encompasses about 57.7 million people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religions.[1] The last census was held in 2011 and the next will be in 2021.[2] In 2011, Statistics South Africa counted 2.1 million foreigners in total.[3] However, numerous reports suggest that that is a vast underestimation. The real figure may in fact be as high as five million,[4] including some three million Zimbabweans.[5] PopulationHistorical population{{Historical populations|type=ZA|percentages = pagr|1|100000 |1000|300000 |1500|600000 |1600|700000 |1700|1000000 |1820|1550000 |1870|2547000 |1904|5175463 |1911|5972757 |1913|6153000 |1921|6927403 |1936|9587863 |1946|11415925 |1950|13683162 |1955|15384557 |1960|17396367 |1970|22502502 |1980|29077143 |1990|36793490 |1995|41426810 |2001|44819777 |2007|48502063 |2011|51770560 |2016|55653654 |footnote=Note: Population estimates (1 AD - 1870 AD) are deduced from quantitative macroeconomic historical calculations. 1 (est.), 1000 (est.), 1500 (est.), 1600 (est.), 1700 (est.), 1820 (est.), 1870 (est.), 1913,[6] 1904[9] 1904-1946,[7][8][9] 1950-2010,[10] 2001, 2011, 2015[11] }} UN population projections: 2010 to 2050{{Historical populations|title = Population projections |type = |align = centre |width = 25% |state = |shading = off |percentages = |footnote = |source = United Nations Secretariat[12] |2015| 54957000 |2020| 57296000 |2025| 59702000 |2030| 61836000 |2035| 63670000 |2040| 65413000 |2045| 67075000 |2050| 68642000 }} Age and population estimates: 1950 to 2015According to the 2010 revision of the United Nations Secretariat's World Population Prospects, South Africa's total population was 50,133,000 in 2010, compared to only 13,683,000 in 1950. In 2010, 30.1% of the people were children under the age of 15, 65.2% were between 15 and 64 years of age, and 4.6% were 65 or older.[13] All population estimates are rounded to the nearest thousand.
Historical censuses1904 CensusSouth African Population Figures for the 1904 Census. Source:[14]
1960 CensusSources: Statesman's Year-Book 1967–1968;[15] Europa Year Book 1969[16]
Fertility rate (The Demographic Health Survey)Fertility rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):[17]
Fertility rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) by ethnic group.
Life expectancyLife expectancy from 1950 to 2020 (UN World Population Prospects)[18]:
Vital statisticsRegistration of vital events in South Africa has improved considerably during the past decade, but still not considered to be complete for black South Africans. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.[13] (Natural increase or decrease over a time period is the difference between that period's live births and deaths, before accounting for inward or outward migration.) United Nations estimates, 2010
Age and sex distributionSouth African National Census of 2011
Age and race distributionSouth African National Census of 2011Age distribution within each racial groupBy generation
By five-year cohortsRacial composition of each age group in 2015 (estimates)
Ethnic groups{{main article|Ethnic groups in South Africa}}Statistics South Africa asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups.[20] The 2011 census figures for these groups were Black African at 80.2%, White at 8.4%, Coloured at 8.8%, Indian/Asian at 2.5%, and Other/Unspecified at 0.5%.[21]The white percentage of the population has sharply declined. The first census in South Africa in 1911 showed that whites made up 22% of the population. This declined to 16% in 1980,[22] and 8.9% in 2011.[23]{{rp|21}} {{Pie chart| thumb = left under | caption = Ethnic groups South Africa (1911) | other = | label1 = Black African | value1 = 67 | color1 = Red | label2 = White | value2 = 21 | color2 = Blue | label3 = Coloured | value3 = 9 | color3 = Purple | label4 = Asian | value4 = 3 | color4 = Yellow }}{{Pie chart | thumb = left under | caption = Ethnic groups South Africa (2004) | other = | label1 = Black African | value1 = 79 | color1 = Red | label2 = White | value2 = 10 | color2 = Blue | label3 = Coloured | value3 = 9 | color3 = Purple | label4 = Asian | value4 = 2 | color4 = Yellow }} Languages{{Main article|Languages of South Africa}}South Africa has eleven official languages:[24] IsiZulu[21] 22.7%, IsiXhosa[21] 16%, Afrikaans[21] 13.5%, the English language [21] 9.6%, Sepedi [21] 9.1%, Setswana[21] 8%, Sesotho[21] 7.6%, Xitsonga[21] 4.5%, siSwati[21] 2.5%, Tshivenda[21] 2.4% and isiNdebele[21] 2.1%. In this regard it is third only to Bolivia and India in number. While all the languages are formally equal, some languages are spoken more than others. According to the 2011 census, the three most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%), Xhosa (16.0%), and Afrikaans (13.5%).[23]{{rp|23–25}} Despite the fact that English is recognised as the language of commerce and science, it ranked fourth, and was spoken by only 9.6% of South Africans as a first language in 2011.[23]{{rp|23–25}} The country also recognises several unofficial languages, including Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, San and South African Sign Language.[25] These unofficial languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent. Nevertheless, their populations are not such that they require nationwide recognition. Many of the "unofficial languages" of the San and Khoikhoi people contain regional dialects stretching northwards into Namibia and Botswana, and elsewhere. These people, who are a physically distinct population from other Africans, have their own cultural identity based on their hunter-gatherer societies. They have been marginalised to a great extent, and many of their languages are in danger of becoming extinct. Many white South Africans also speak other European languages, such as Portuguese (also spoken by black Angolans and Mozambicans), German, and Greek, while some Indians and other Asians in South Africa speak South Asian languages, such as Tamil, Hindi, Gujarati, Urdu and Telugu. Although many South Africans are of Huguenot (French) origin, South African French is spoken by fewer than 10,000 individuals country-wide. Congolese French is also spoken in South Africa by migrants. The primary sign language of Deaf South Africans is South African Sign Language. Other sign languages among indigenous peoples are also used. By ethnicityIn 2011, the first language was Zulu for 28.1% of black residents, Xhosa for 19.8%, Northern Sotho for 11.2%, Tswana for 9.7%, Sesotho for 9.3%, Tsonga for 5.5%, Swati for 3.1%, Venda for 2.9%, English for 2.8%, Southern Ndebele for 2.6%, Afrikaans for 1.5%, while 3.4% had another first language.[26] Among whites, Afrikaans was the first language for 59.1% of the population, compared to 35.0% for English. Other languages accounted for the remaining 5.9%.[26] Religion{{Main article|Religion in South Africa}}According to the 2001 national census, Christians accounted for 79.7% of the population. This includes Protestant (36.6%), Zionist Christian (11.1%), Pentecostal/Charismatic (8.2%), Roman Catholic (7.1%), Methodist (6.8%), Dutch Reformed (6.7%), Anglican (3.8%); members of other Christian churches accounted for another 36% of the population. Muslims accounted for 1.5% of the population, Other 2.3%, and 1.4% were Unspecified and None 15.1%.[21] African Indigenous Churches made up the largest of the Christian groups. Some believe that many people claiming no affiliation with any organised religion adhered to traditional indigenous religions. Many people have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences.[27]Muslims are largely found among the Coloured and Indian ethnic groups. They have been joined by black or white South African converts as well as immigrants from other parts of Africa.[48] South African Muslims claim that their faith is the fastest-growing religion of conversion in the country, with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold, from 12 000 in 1991 to 74 700 in 2004[28][29]The Hindu population has its roots in the British colonial period, but later waves of immigration from India have also contributed to it. Most Hindus are of South Asian origin, but there are many who come from mixed racial stock. Some are converts due to the efforts of Hindu missionaries such as ISKCON. Other minority religions in South Africa are Sikhism, Jainism and Bahá'í Faith.[30] By ethnicity87.9% of Black residents are Christian, 9.5% have no religion, 0.2% are Muslim, 0.0% are Jewish, 0.0% are Hindu and 2.3% have other or undetermined beliefs. 71.8% of White residents are Christian, 23.8% have no religion, 0.2% are Muslim, 1.4% are Jewish, and 0.0% are Hindu. 2.7% have other or undetermined beliefs. Immigration{{main article|Immigration to South Africa}}South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population. According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007.[52] Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe (48,400), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (24,800), and Somalia (12,900).[52] These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town, and Port Elizabeth.[31] Many refugees have now also started to work and live in rural areas in provinces such as Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal. Statistics SA assumes in some of their calculations that there are fewer than 2 million immigrants in South Africa.[32] Other institutions, like the police and Médecins Sans Frontières place estimate the figure at 4 million.[33][34][35][36][37] Immigration figuresImmigration assumptions by Statistics South Africa to South Africa based on race. Negative numbers represent net migration from South Africa to other countries.[38]
Urbanization"Urban areas contain about two-thirds of the population; many of these consist of huge informal or squatter settlements."[39] Largest municipalities{{see also|Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)}}{{Largest cities of South Africa}}Graphs and mapsSee also
References1. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022018.pdf|title=Mid - year population estimates|last=|first=|date=23 July 2018|website=Stats SA|publisher=Statistics South Africa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022018.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2018|dead-url=no|accessdate=23 July 2018}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=11323|title=Census 2021 New Methodologies Test|last=|first=|date=20 July 2018|website=Statistics South Africa (Stats SA)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804010519/http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=11323|archive-date=4 August 2018|dead-url=yes|access-date=|df=dmy-all}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf|title=Table 3.5, Statistical release (Revised) P0301.4, Census 2011|website=Statssa.gov.za|accessdate=25 July 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113203528/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf|archivedate=13 November 2015|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/node/11399350|title=Nowhere left to go|date=20 May 2008|website=Economist.com|accessdate=29 August 2017|via=The Economist}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus |title=Escape From Mugabe: Zimbabwe's Exodus |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus |archivedate=24 January 2016 |df=dmy }} 6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls | title=Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2008 AD | publisher=University of Groningen | date=2010 | accessdate=1 March 2016 | author=Angus Maddison}} 7. ^The Statesman's Year-Book 1977–1978 (ed. John Paxton), St. Martin's Press, New York (& Macmillan, London), 1977, page 1296 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-CapeTown.html|title=City of Cape Town / Isixeko Sasekapa, Stad Kaapstad: Metropolitan Municipality & Main Places – Statistics & Maps on City Population|website=Citypopulation.de|accessdate=29 August 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-UA.html|title=South Africa: Provinces and Major Urban Areas - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|website=Citypopulation.de|accessdate=29 August 2017}} 10. ^{{cite web | url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2015_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.XLS | title=Total Population - Both Sexes (XLS, 3.74 MB) - 2015 revision | publisher=United Nations | date=2015 | accessdate=1 March 2016 | author=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat}} 11. ^1 {{cite web | url=https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022015.pdf | title=Mid-year population estimates | publisher=Statistics South Africa | date=23 July 2015 | accessdate=1 March 2016}} 12. ^{{cite web | url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp | title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision | publisher=UN | accessdate=28 July 2014}} 13. ^1 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |date=6 May 2011 }} 14. ^1 Smuts I: The Sanguine Years 1870–1919, W.K. Hancock, Cambridge University Press, 1962, pg 219 15. ^The Statesman's Year-Book, 1967–1968 (104th annual edition), edited by S.H. Steinberg, Macmillan, London; St. Martin's Press, New York, 1967, pages 1405–1424 16. ^The Europa Year Book 1969, Volume II: Africa, The Americas, Asia, Australasia, Europa Publications, London, 1969, page 1286 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dhsprogram.com/|title=The DHS Program - Quality information to plan, monitor and improve population, health, and nutrition programs|website=Dhsprogram.com|accessdate=29 August 2017}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|format=|accessdate=2017-07-15|last=|date=|year=|month=|day=|language=|pages=|quote=}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022018.pdf|website=www.statssa.gov.za|access-date=2019-01-07}} 20. ^{{cite news|last=Lehohla|first=Pali|title=Debate over race and censuses not peculiar to SA|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/news_archive/05may2005_1.asp|date=5 May 2005|newspaper=Business Report|accessdate=25 August 2013|quote=Others pointed out that the repeal of the Population Registration Act in 1991 removed any legal basis for specifying 'race'. The Identification Act of 1997 makes no mention of race. On the other hand, the Employment Equity Act speaks of 'designated groups' being 'black people, women and people with disabilities'. The Act defines 'black' as referring to 'Africans, coloureds and Indians'. Apartheid and the racial identification which underpinned it explicitly linked race with differential access to resources and power. If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this, race would have to be included in surveys and censuses, so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored. This was the reasoning that led to a 'self-identifying' question about 'race' or 'population group' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses, and in Statistics SA's household survey programme.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814143522/http://www.statssa.gov.za/news_archive/05may2005_1.asp|archivedate=14 August 2007|df=dmy-all}} 21. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html|title= Africa :: SOUTH AFRICA|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}} 22. ^{{Cite book | author=Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa (U.S.) | title = South Africa: time running out : the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&pg=PA42&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false | publisher=University of California Press | year = 1981 | page = 42 | isbn = 0-520-04547-5}} 23. ^1 2 {{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf|publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.gov.za/Departments/SAC/Library/DEPART/lang_legislation1.htm |title=Constitution of South Africa, Chapter 1, Section 6 |publisher=Fs.gov.za |accessdate=30 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729134936/http://www.fs.gov.za/Departments/SAC/Library/DEPART/lang_legislation1.htm |archivedate=29 July 2009 }} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://mediaclub.co.za/landstatic/80-languages|title=The languages of South Africa|last=|first=|date=December 2011|website=Media Club South Africa|publisher=Brand South Africa|accessdate=24 November 2017}} 26. ^1 {{cite web|title=Community profiles > Census 2011 |url=http://interactive.statssa.gov.za/superweb |publisher=Statistics South Africa Superweb |accessdate=21 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930103145/http://interactive.statssa.gov.za/superweb/ |archivedate=30 September 2013 |df=dmy }} 27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71325.htm|title=South Africa|website=State.gov|accessdate=29 August 2017}} 28. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html|title=In South Africa, many blacks convert to Islam|website=Csmonitor.com|accessdate=29 August 2017}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa |title=Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa |publisher=Religionnewsblog.com |accessdate=7 November 2010}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm|title=South Africa – Section I. Religious Demography|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=15 July 2006}} 31. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=19 June 2008|url=http://www.refugees.org/survey|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005040657/http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=1941|archivedate=5 October 2007|df=dmy-all}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/PublicationsHTML/P03022009/html/P03022009_6.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120805230305/http://www.statssa.gov.za/PublicationsHTML/P03022009/html/P03022009_6.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=5 August 2012|title=P03022009_6 |publisher=Statssa.gov.za |date= |accessdate=5 January 2014}} 33. ^So where are Zimbabweans going?, BBC News. 8 November 2005. 34. ^SA population may be much larger than previously thought Beeld 1 June 2009. 35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.home-affairs.gov.za/faq.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=6 February 2016|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918042227/http://www.home-affairs.gov.za/faq.asp |archivedate=18 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }} 36. ^South African Police Service 2009 Annual Report {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725220235/http://www.saps.gov.za/saps_profile/strategic_framework/annual_report/2008_2009/2_crime_situation_sa.pdf |date=25 July 2013 }} page 9 indicating the number exceeds 3 million 37. ^ {{dead link|date=January 2014}} 38. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022014.pdf | title=Mid-year population estimates 2014 | publisher=Statistics South Africa | date=31 July 2014 | accessdate=8 December 2015}} 39. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/Languages |accessdate= 25 October 2017 |work= Britannica.com |title= South Africa: Settlement Patterns }} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Demographics of South Africa}}{{Wikiquote|South Africans}}
1 : Demographics of South Africa |
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