“Mid-air collision”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The potential for a mid-air collision is increased by miscommunication, mistrust, error in navigation, deviations from flight plans, lack of situational awareness and the lack of collision-avoidance systems. Although a rare occurrence in general due to the vastness of open space available, collisions often happen near or at airports, where large volumes of aircraft are spaced more closely than in general flight.

First recorded mid-air collision

The first recorded collision between aircraft occurred at the "Milano Circuito Aereo Internazionale" meeting held between 24 September and 3 October 1910 in Milan, Italy. On 3 October, Frenchman René Thomas, flying the Antoinette IV monoplane, collided with British Army Captain Bertram Dickson by ramming his Farman III biplane in the rear.^[2] Both pilots survived, but Dickson was so badly injured that he never flew again.^[3]^[4]^[5]

The first fatal collision occurred in Douai, France, on 19 June 1912. Captain Marcel Dubois and Lieutenant Albert Peignan, both of the French Army, crashed into one another, killing both pilots.^[6]

Efforts to prevent collisions

TCAS

Almost all modern aircraft are fitted with TCAS, which is designed to try to prevent mid-air collisions. The system, based on the signals from aircraft transponders, alerts pilots if a potential collision with another aircraft is imminent. Despite its limitations, it is believed to have greatly reduced the chance of a mid-air collision.^[7]

Civilian/Military mid-air collisions

On some occasions, military aircraft conducting training flights inadvertently collide with civilian aircraft. Before 1958, civilian air traffic controllers guiding civilian flights and military controllers guiding military aircraft were both unaware of the other's aircraft.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}The 1958 collision between United Airlines Flight 736 and a fighter jet, as well as another U.S. military/civilian crash one month later involving Capital Airlines Flight 300, hastened the signing of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 into law. The act created the Federal Aviation Agency (later renamed the Federal Aviation Administration), and provided unified control of airspace for both civil and military flights. In 2005, as part of an effort to reduce such military/civilian mid-air collisions in U.S. airspace, the Air National Guard Flight Safety Division, led by Lt Col Edward Vaughan, used the Disruptive Solutions Process to create the [https://web.archive.org/web/20061020000103/http://www.seeandavoid.org/ See and Avoid] web portal. In late 2006, the U.S. Defense Safety Oversight Council (DSOC) recognized and funded the site as its official civil/military mid-air collision prevention website, with participation by all the services.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

List of notable civilian and military-civilian mid-air collisions

List of notable military mid-air collisions

See also

References

1. ^[https://ext.eurocontrol.int/lexicon/index.php/Mid-air_collision]
2. ^{{cite book|last=Villard |first= Henry Serrano|title= CONTACT! The Story of the Early Birds Man's first decade of flight from Kitty Hawk to World War I |url=http://earlyaviators.com/ethomren.htm|date=1 January 1968|publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell Co. }}
3. ^{{cite magazine|date=January 1911|title=Aeroplanes in Collision|magazine=Popular Mechanics|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd4DAAAAMBAJ}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10304784&wwwflag=2&imagepos=40|title=The Milan Aviation Meeting, Italy, 1910.|year=1910|work=Science Museum Pictorial|publisher=Science and Society Picture Library|accessdate=13 January 2011}}
5. ^{{cite magazine|date=8 October 1910|title=Continental Flight Meetings|magazine=Flight|pages=828–829|quote=...the Antoinette monoplane crashed on to the biplane, both machines falling to earth a mass of broken planes and tangled wires.|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1910/1910%20-%200830.html}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Dr. Andrew Cook|title=European Air Traffic Management: Principles, Practice, and Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ9LG6TWl9oC|year=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7295-1}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://adsb.tc.faa.gov/TCAS.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721040203/http://adsb.tc.faa.gov/TCAS.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2011-07-21|title=Federal Aviation Administration - Home Page – TCAS|date=2011-07-21|access-date=2018-07-22}}
8. ^{{cite news | publisher=BBC | title=1973: Mid-air collision kills 68 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/5/newsid_4202000/4202039.stm | accessdate=2011-07-02 | date=5 March 1973}}
9. ^{{cite web|author=Guilherme Poggio |url=http://www.aereo.jor.br/2010/05/24/sobrevivente-do-acidente-com-o-voo-1907-da-gol-rompe-silencio/ |title=Sobrevivente do acidente com o voo 1907 da GOL rompe silêncio | Poder Aéreo - Forças Aéreas e Indústria Aeronáutica |publisher=Aereo.jor.br |date= |accessdate=2016-09-27}}
10. ^{{cite web | title=NTSB Identification: CEN14LA036A | url=https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief.aspx?ev_id=20131104X94753&key=1 | accessdate=2018-08-25 | date=23 July 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web | title=What Went Wrong in the Skydiving Planes Collision? | author=Jeff Wise | website=Popular Mechanics | url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/a9650/what-went-wrong-in-the-skydiving-planes-collision-16128956/ | accessdate=2018-08-26 | date=6 Nov 2013}}
12. ^Gero 2010, pp. 26–27.
13. ^Gero 2010, p. 78.
14. ^{{cite web|author=AP |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/10/us/17-die-in-collision-of-army-copters.html |title=17 DIE IN COLLISION OF ARMY COPTERS |location=Fort Campbell (Ky) |publisher=NYTimes.com |date=1988-03-10 |accessdate=2016-09-27}}