“Military medicine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The term military medicine has a number of potential connotations. It may mean:

Legal status

Military medical personnel engage in humanitarian work and are "protected persons" under international humanitarian law in accordance with the First and Second Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, which established legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field or ship's medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict. International humanitarian law makes no distinction between medical personnel who are members of the armed forces (and who hold military ranks) and those who are civilian volunteers. All medical personnel are considered non-combatants under international humanitarian law because of their humanitarian duties, and they may not be attacked and not be taken as prisoners of war; hospitals and other medical facilities and transports identified as such, whether they are military or civilian, may not be attacked either. The red cross, the red crescent and the red crystal are the protective signs recognised under international humanitarian law, and are used by military medical personnel and facilities for this purpose. Attacking military medical personnel, patients in their care, or medical facilities or transports legitimately marked as such is a war crime. Likewise, misusing these protective signs to mask military operations is the war crime of perfidy. Military medical personnel may be armed, usually with service pistols, for the purpose of self defense or the defense of patients.

Historical significance

The significance of military medicine for combat strength goes far beyond treatment of battlefield injuries; in every major war fought until the late 19th century disease claimed more soldier casualties than did enemy action. During the American Civil War (1860–65), for example, about twice as many soldiers died of disease as were killed or mortally wounded in combat.^[1] The Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) is considered to have been the first conflict in which combat injury exceeded disease, at least in the German coalition army which lost 3.47% of its average headcount to combat and only 1.82% to disease.^[2] In new world countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Canada, military physicians and surgeons contributed significantly to the development of civilian health care.^[3]^[4]

Improvements in military medicine have increased the survival rates in successive wars, due to improvements in medical evacuation, battlefield medicine and trauma care.^[4]^[5] Similar improvements have been seen in the trauma practices during the Iraq war.^[6] Some military trauma care practices are disseminated by citizen soldiers who return to civilian practice.^[4]^[7]^[8] One such practice is where major trauma patients are transferred to an operating theater as soon as possible, to stop internal bleeding, increasing the survival rate. Within the United States, the survival rate for gunshot wounds has increased, leading to apparent declines in the gun death rate in states that have stable rates of gunshot hospitalizations.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Military medicine by country

North America

Canada

United States

Europe

France

Belgium

Germany

Italy

Russia

Serbia

United Kingdom

Other regions

Australia

Israel

South Africa

Vietnam

India

Thailand

International

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=McPherson|first=James M.|year=1988|title=Battlecry of Freedom|publisher=Ballantine Books, New York|isbn=0-345-35942-9}}, p. 485
2. ^Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon; 14th ed., Leipzig, Berlin and Vienna 1894; Vol. 8, p. 939.
3. ^Vivian Charles McAlister. "Origins of the Canadian School of Surgery" Canadian Journal of Surgery (2007) 50 (5) : 357-363. Available at: [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/17633]
4. ^¹²{{cite journal|vauthors=Manring MM, Hawk A, Calhoun JH, Andersen RC | title=Treatment of war wounds: a historical review. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 2009 | volume= 467 | issue= 8 | pages= 2168–91 | pmid=19219516 | doi=10.1007/s11999-009-0738-5 | pmc=2706344 }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/MedSpt/chpt3.htm |title=Chapter 3 - Medical Support 1965-1970 |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606042103/http://www.history.army.mil/books/vietnam/MedSpt/chpt3.htm |archivedate=2016-06-06 |df= }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kjrh.com/news/local-news/iraq-war-10-year-anniversary-survival-rate-of-wounded-soldiers-better-than-previous-wars|title=Iraq War 10 year anniversary: Survival rate of wounded soldiers better than previous wars|first=Lee Bowman, Scripps Howard News|last=Service|date=16 March 2013|publisher=}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/military-medical-techniques-saving-lives-at-home|title=Military medical techniques saving lives at home - News stories - GOV.UK|publisher=}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gunbabygun.com/role-gun-advancement-medicine/|title=The role of the gun in the advancement of medicine|date=8 January 2015|publisher=}}
9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Jena|first1=Anupam B.|last2=Sun|first2=Eric C.|last3=Prasad|first3=Vinay|title=Does the Declining Lethality of Gunshot Injuries Mask a Rising Epidemic of Gun Violence in the United States?|journal=Journal of General Internal Medicine|volume=29|issue=7|year=2014|pages=1065–1069|issn=0884-8734|doi=10.1007/s11606-014-2779-z|pmid=24452421|pmc=4061370}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/murder-rate-drops-as-more-survive-gunshots-stabbings-1.2481904|title=Lower murder rate linked to medical advance, not less violence|publisher=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324712504578131360684277812|title=In Medical Triumph, Homicides Fall Despite Soaring Gun Violence|first1=Gary|last1=Fields|first2=Cameron|last2=McWhirter|date=8 December 2012|publisher=|via=Wall Street Journal}}
12. ^http://www.universitychurchchicago.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Murder-and-Medicine.pdf