“Mills House No. 1”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mills House No. 1 or the Mills Hotel at 160 Bleecker Street in New York City was built as a hotel for poor men. It was funded by banker Darius Ogden Mills and designed by Ernest Flagg and opened in 1897. The building is now The Atrium.

Mills House No. 1 is one of two survivors of three men's hotels built by banker Darius Ogden Mills in New York City. It originally contained 1,554 tiny rooms (7 and a half by 6 feet or 5 by 8 feet) that rented at the affordable rate of 20 cents a night, with meals costing 15 cents,^[1]^[1] The rooms contained only a bed with a mattress and two pillows, one stuffed with hair, the other with feathers, a chair and a clothes rack, and their walls stopped about a foot short of the ceiling. There were four toilets and six washbasins on each floor (for 162 rooms) and bathrooms on the ground floor.^[3]

It was the prototype of the philanthropic hotel movement, although Mills emphasized that his hotels were run efficiently so as to make a modest profit for investors^[2]^[3] and "[not to offend] the pride or praiseworthy independence of those I serve."^[3] It had its grand opening on November 1, 1897, the same day as the Astoria Hotel;^[4] Mills House No. 2, with 600 similar rooms, opened a few months later on Rivington Street at Christie Street on the Lower East Side. Mills House No. 3, which opened in 1907 with somewhat larger rooms and somewhat higher prices,^[1]^[5] still stands at 485 Seventh Avenue, at the northeast corner of 36th Street.

Mills said he was inspired by the Rowton Houses in London, but wanted to improve on them by providing something less like a lodging house.^[1] Mills House hotels were closed during the day to encourage residents to seek work. Guests could not gain entry after midnight and were required to pay in advance; they were refused entry, even if they had prepaid, if they were drunk. Amenities included a library,^[1] and guests could also use a network of lounges.^[3] In 1902, Jacob A. Riis included the Mills Houses in his book The Battle with the Slum.^[6]

The building extends along Bleecker Street from Sullivan to Thompson Street, occupying four city lots.^[7] It was constructed on the site of a row of formerly fashionable houses called Depauw Row, which had become tenements.^[8] It cost $1.25 million to build and has eleven stories; two {{convert|100|ft|m|adj=on}} air shafts or light wells, {{convert|50|ft|m}} square, capped by skylights, enabled each room to have a window^[7] and correspond to the provisions of the 1879 Tenement House Law known as the "Old Law"; the architect, Ernest Flagg, was an advocate for housing reform who had urged these requirements. The layout of the building may have been inspired by the layout of The Dakota (1884), or by apartment buildings he had seen in Paris.

Mills House No. 1 was operated by a family trust after Mills' death until 1949, when it was sold and became the Greenwich Hotel;^[9] it remained for men only.^[10] By the 1960s, it became the first hotel in New York to be called a "welfare hotel".^[3] Some remembered it as "a mean flop house [where] winos and junkies could get a room ... for $2 a night"^[11]^[12] and where someone was once killed by a table that had been thrown out of a window.^[13] The jazz club The Village Gate operated from 1958 to 1994 in the former laundry in the basement of the building and later also on upper floors.^[14]

In the early 1960s, the building was to have been converted into artists' and students' housing with theatre facilities under the name Renaissance House.^[15]^[16]

In the mid-1970s, the building was gut-renovated and converted into an apartment house, named The Atrium for the covered courtyards.^[17] In the 1980s, the apartments were converted to a housing cooperative;^[7] in the mid-1990s, the exterior was renovated.^[18] There are 194 apartments, and some furnished suites available for short-term rental. The Village Gate space became a CVS Pharmacy with (Le) Poisson Rouge located below.

Mills House No. 1 would have been designated as a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1967, but the owner's lawyer objected.^[7]

References

1. ^¹²{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19100108&id=H7EgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VmkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1655,383609&hl=en |title=The Mills Hotels: A Charity That Helped Men to Help Themselves |newspaper=The Lewiston Daily Sun |location=Lewiston, Maine |date=January 8, 1910 |page=8 |agency=New York Post }}
2. ^{{cite book |first=Todd |last=DePastino |title=Citizen Hobo: How a Century of Homelessness Shaped America |location=Chicago / London |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780226143781 |pages=135–37}}
3. ^¹{{cite book |first=Paul Erling |last=Groth |title=Living Downtown: The History of Residential Hotels in the United States |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California |year=1994 |isbn=9780520068766 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TYyVFUIBXUC&pg=PA395&dq=Mills+Hotel,+New+York&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIzdven8DLAhUI_mMKHV7JAswQ6AEIXDAI#v=onepage&q=Mills%20Hotel%2C%20New%20York&f=false |pages=149–50 }}
4. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2512&dat=18971027&id=6dVGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9f0MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1104,2237488&hl=en |title=Two Unique Hotels: Tips You Give in One Would Provide Comforts in the Other |newspaper=The Morning Record |location=Meriden, Connecticut |date=October 27, 1897 |page=6 }}
5. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2249&dat=19051125&id=AvVeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aVQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5804,4078102&hl=en |title=A New Mills Hotel |newspaper=Boston Evening Transcript |date=November 25, 1905 |page=B11 |agency=New York Tribune }}
6. ^{{cite book |first=Jacob A. |last=Riis |authorlink=Jacob A. Riis |title=VI. The Mills Houses |url=http://www.bartleby.com/175/6.html/ |work=The Battle with the Slum |location=New York / London |publisher=Macmillan |year=1902 |isbn=9780512007889 }}
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite news |first=Christopher |last=Gray |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/realestate/streetscapes-mills-house-no-1-bleecker-street-clean-airy-1897-home-for-1560.html |title=Streetscapes/Mills House No. 1 on Bleecker Street; A Clean, Airy 1897 Home for 1,560 Working Men |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 6, 1994 }}
8. ^¹²{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2515&dat=18981215&id=uXA1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=KxQLAAAAIBAJ&pg=1123,1189916&hl=en |title=In the Mills Hotel: Where Workingmen May Live Cheaply and Well |newspaper=The Meriden Weekly Republican |location=Meriden, Connecticut |date=December 15, 1898 |page=5 |agency=Philadelphia Times }}
9. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1299&dat=19551123&id=_90QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EIwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4848,260776&hl=en |title=Old Menu Offers Steak for a Dime |newspaper=The Village Voice |date=November 23, 1955 |page=2 }}
10. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1299&dat=19560627&id=Ht4QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EIwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6173,2333761&hl=en |title=Planning Board Calls for End to Old Mills Hotel |newspaper=The Village Voice |date=June 27, 1956 |page=3 }}
11. ^{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Kennedy |agency=Associated Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=20030425&id=TgMzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TQgGAAAAIBAJ&pg=5262,7146754&hl=en |title='Papa' comes back: Denny Doherty talks about the old days |newspaper=The Freelance-Star |location=Fredericksburg, Virginia |date=April 25, 2003 |page=D3 }}
12. ^See also {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19681010&id=VYdQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PlwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1356,6301257&hl=en |title=Bleecker Street—Distillate Of A City |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |location=St. Petersburg, Florida |date=October 10, 1968 |agency=The New York Times |pages=1A, 20A |quote=the Greenwich Hotel, where for $1.99 a night male winos and welfare cases and a few hippies, too, can get a 4 by 6 foot room with a bed.}}; {{cite news |first=Mary |last=Breasted |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1299&dat=19700730&id=CudLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OIwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6263,4196686&hl=en |title=The Ghetto Moves Into The Village |newspaper=The Village Voice |date=July 30, 1970 |pages=1, 21–22 |quote=Before Miss Crimmins, the St. Vincent's doctors, and a special unit of social workers went into the Greenwich Hotel, there were an average of 17 robberies a day in the place. }}
13. ^{{cite news |first=Herbert I. |last=Handman |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1299&dat=19760119&id=7_ZNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PosDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4313,934749&hl=en |title=Giving Them the Gate |newspaper=The Village Voice |type=Letter to the editor |date=January 19, 1976 |page=6 }}
14. ^{{cite news |first=Margalit |last=Fox |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/arts/06dlugoff.html?_r=0 |title=Art D’Lugoff, Village Gate Impresario, Dies at 85 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 6, 2009 |page=A22 }}
15. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1299&dat=19611228&id=W0kQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1I8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3551,895943&hl=en |title=Mr. Mills' Hotel: Artists' Renaissance to Replace Poor Man's Palace |newspaper=The Village Voice |date=December 28, 1961 |page=1 }}
16. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1299&dat=19620503&id=bUkQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1I8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4472,2447826&hl=en |title=VID Sponsors Art Auction |newspaper=The Village Voice |date=May 3, 1962 |page=8 }}
17. ^{{cite news |first=Steven |last=Greenhouse |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980DE0DB123AE333A2575BC2A96F9C946490D6CF |title=Down-at-Heels Hotel in 'Village' Acquiring a Natty New Identity |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 28, 1975 }}
18. ^{{cite news |first=Bruce |last=Lambert |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/09/nyregion/neighborhood-report-greenwich-village-residents-hope-what-goes-up-must-come-down.html |title=Neighborhood Report: Greenwich Village; Residents' Hope: What Goes Up Must Come Down |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 9, 1994 }}

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