| 词条 | Milton Keynes grid road system | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Milton Keynes grid road system is a network of predominantly national speed limit, fully landscaped routes that form the top layer of the street hierarchy for both private and public transport in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. The system is unique in the United Kingdom for its innovative use of street hierarchy principles: the grid roads run in between districts rather than through them. These facilitate higher speed limits due to the absence of buildings close to the roads, although more recently the initial concept has been eroded somewhat by making some of the grid roads 40mph. High-speed motor traffic is segregated from pedestrian and leisure[1] cycling traffic, which uses the alternative Milton Keynes redway system. All grid junctions are roundabouts, and the absence of traffic lights enables remarkably free and efficient movement of traffic. The grid roads{{Quote box|The geography of Milton Keynes – the railway line, Watling Street, Grand Union Canal, M1 motorway – sets up a very strong north–south axis. If you've got to build a city between (them) it is very natural to take a pen and draw the rungs of a ladder. Ten miles by six is the size of this city – 22,000 acres. Do you lay it out like an American city, rigid orthogonal from side to side? Being more sensitive in 1966-7, the designers decided that the grid concept should apply but should be a lazy grid following the flow of land, its valleys, its ebbs and flows. That would be nicer to look at, more economical and efficient to build, and would sit more beautifully as a landscape intervention. |source = Professor David Lock, MBE[2] |align = right |width = 40%}}{{further|Milton Keynes Development Corporation|Milton Keynes#Grid squares}} The grid system is made up of 11 roads aligned roughly north–south and 10 aligned roughly east–west. In early planning documents, these were simply designated as "V roads" and "H roads" respectively (for "vertical" and "horizontal"); these designations have remained popular alongside the subsequent formal (conventional) names. V-roads are named as "Streets", and H-roads as "Ways". The roads are not precisely straight and aligned, and there are several places where two H roads, or two V roads, meet at a junction. The districts enclosed by the grid roads are known as grid squares. In addition, the A5 road between Old Stratford and Little Brickhill is a grade separated dual carriageway that is independent of the system (built to bypass the old Watling Street route), running between the grid roads but with four interchanges with the system. It is sometimes locally referred to as the A5(D), for 'diversion', to distinguish it from the 'old A5' which is now V4 Watling Street. Below is a list of the grid roads. Some double as national roads for parts of their routes; these are shown in brackets:
CharacteristicsGrid roads are characterised by high speed limits, generous landscaping and greenery along their routes, all pedestrian crossings being by means of under- or overpasses, roundabouts at every intersection and an almost total lack of road-fronting buildings. Many of these points can be seen in this aerial image showing the V8/H3 junction. Horizontal grid roads (ways)The H1 Ridgeway runs from the northern edge of Stony Stratford, across V4 Watling Street to a point on the V5 east of Wolverton. It is the shortest of all grid roads, having only two grid roundabouts and with a large gap where a bridge over the A5 should be. It serves Stony Stratford, Fullers Slade, Wolverton Mill and Greenleys. The H2 Millers Way is another short route. It begins at V4 Watling Street, at Fairfields, bridges over the A5 and the West Coast Main Line (WCML), then joins the V6 Grafton Street at Bradville. Among others, its route serves the Milton Keynes Museum. The H3 Monks Way is the most northerly of the major H roads. As the A422, it is a dual carriageway for most of its length. It starts its route as an local single carriageway road, at a double roundabout with V4 Watling Street where Abbey Hill, Fairfields and Whitehouse meet. The single carriageway ends a roundabout with the A5 and the V5 Great Monks Street near Abbey Hill golf course. From this point, it becomes a dual carriageway and is co-designated as the A422. It continues east under the West Coast Main Line until it reaches a bridge over the M1. (The A422 designation continues as far a roundabout with the A509 road south of Newport Pagnell. The Concrete Cows (a copy) are the best known landmark on this road, just east of the WCML railway bridge. The H4 Dansteed Way is a longer route. It starts in the western district of Grange Farm, crosses Linford Wood and ends formally at V11 Tongwell Street. However the route continues as Willen Road into Newport Pagnell. The H5 Portway begins its life in Oakhill as a single carriageway and remains as such up until its junction with the A5. From there it becomes a dual carriageway and becomes the A509. It runs along the top edge of Central Milton Keynes, over Willen Lake and terminates at Northfield Roundabout with H6 Childs Way near M1 Junction 14. The route continues on as Fen Street in Broughton (the former A5130 road). The H6 Childs Way runs from Whitney in the west of Milton Keynes at Kingsmead to a point short of Junction 14 of the M1 motorway in the east. The H6 starts as a {{convert|30|mph|abbr=on}} local distributor road between the districts of Kingsmead and Whitney. After crossing Whitney Roundabout the road becomes {{convert|60|mph|abbr=on}} but remains as a single carriageway. After bridging Powis Lane in between Westcroft and Oxley Park the road becomes a dual carriageway at Shenley Roundabout. Subsequently it bridges both the A5 and the WCML railway. The road then crosses the V6 Grafton Street and runs along the southern edge of Central Milton Keynes and Campbell Park before passing Willen Lake. After this it passes the original Milton Keynes village and then curves up to meet the A509, briefly becoming the A4146.[3] The H7 Chaffron Way is one of the longest grid roads but is a single carriageway for the entirety of its route. It starts in the district of Tattenhoe Park where it had a 300-metre extension built in 2007, runs past Westcroft District Centre, Furzton Lake, The National Bowl, bridges the A5 and the West Coast Main Line in one go, passes Woughton before terminating at a roundabout next to Broughton. In March 2010, the route onward (Countess Way) was opened which links to Newport Road (former A5130) in Brooklands, a dual carriageway with a permanent bus lane on each side with traffic lights at either end. H8 Standing Way is a dual carriageway that crosses MK from west to east, co-designated as the A421. The route begins at M1 Junction 13 and enters Milton Keynes near Wavendon. Its route takes north of the Open University campus, Milton Keynes University Hospital, over the A5 and the WCML, a finally leaves for Buckingham at Tattenhoe. The H9 Groveway is partly dual-carriageway, running from the major roundabout junction with the A5 and V6 Grafton Street and terminating between Brinklow and Wavendon Gate, at a roundabout junction with Newport Road, the A421 and the H8 Standing Way. The H10 Bletcham Way starts as a dual carriageway at the three-way Granby Roundabout with the V6 Grafton Street and V4 Watling Street at Denbigh. A short distance after this point it reduces to single carriageway as it passes the industrial estates of Mount Farm and Fenny Lock. At the end of this one-kilometre stretch the road crosses under the A5 at an unusual bi-graded triple roundabout, the eastern part of which forms a dogbone interchange.[4] From here it reverts to being dual carriageway and takes on the designation of A4146. It remains like this for two grid stretches before the A4146 turns off onto the V11 Tongwell Street. The H10 then continues east, again as a single carriageway for a short distance before finishing as a local distributor in the district of Old Farm Park on the very south eastern edge of Milton Keynes.[5] Vertical grid roads (streets)V1 Snellshall Street begins at Whitney and ends at Tattenhoe in the south west of Milton Keynes. V2 Tattenhoe Street begins at Hazeley in the west of Milton Keynes and travels south to end at Windmill Hill in Far Bletchley in the south west of Milton Keynes. Its route takes it past Woodhill. The V3 Fulmer Street Starts at is northern end between the districts of Crownhill and Grange Farm at a three (soon to be four) arm roundabout with the H4. It runs south crossing the H5, H6 and H7 before terminating at the H8, continuing on in the form of Shenley Road into West Bletchley. The V4 Watling Street is part of the longer Watling Street. The V5 Great Monks Street runs from Wolverton Mill to Great Holm and Two Mile Ash. It is single carriageway for its entire length. The V6 Grafton Street is a major local road in Milton Keynes key to the layout and urban form of the 'new city'. It starts beside Wolverton railway station in the north of Milton Keynes, between Wolverton and New Bradwell and extends as far as Denbigh (where it provides access to the mk), where it terminates in a three-direction roundabout with the H10 Bletcham Way and V4 Watling Street. The V7 Saxon Street starts off near New Bradwell in the north of the town as a single carriageway and remains as such past Stantonbury to its junction with the H4 where it becomes a dual carriageway.[6] In this form it runs straight through the heart of Central Milton Keynes between the Centre:MK and the Church of Christ the Cornerstone and then returns to being a single carriageway after its junction with the H7. It then has a {{convert|40|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} speed restriction on it for two grid squares until the H9. After passing the new Stadium:mk and crossing the H10 it becomes a dual carriageway once more and terminates in central Bletchley. The V8 Marlborough Street runs from Stantonbury to Mount Farm. {{anchor|overgate}}The V9 Overstreet is the shortest of all the 'V' roads, it runs from H3 Monks Way to H5 Portway. It is single carriageway the entire distance. It serves Downs Barn, Downhead Park, Neath Hill and Pennyland. It is notable for Neath Hill Local Centre designed by Wayland Tunley as being one of the few local centres in Milton Keynes built to straddle the grid roads rather than being embedded within the interior of the grid square. Overgate continues from H5 Portway through Campbell Park to H6 Childs Way though this is not signed V9.The V10 Brickhill Street is mainly a single carriageway, but it is important in being one of the few that run continuously between the northern and the southern borders of the town. It is only a dual carriageway for 200 metres south of the H4 roundabout at Willen.[7] Finally the V11 Tongwell Street is a single carriageway to its junction with the H6 where it picks up the A4146 road. It is then a dual carriageway as far as the H10, then finally a single carriageway again for a very short distance into the districts of Old Farm Park and Browns Wood. Other important routes that are not part of the grid systemThere are other roads in Milton Keynes that could superficially be considered part of the grid system. Wolverton Road, formerly the A422, runs right from Stony Stratford to Newport Pagnell and functions as a grid road for much of its route (although with traffic calming measures). Indeed, the 1970 masterplan for Milton Keynes proposes that the stretch from New Bradwell to the M1 motorway bridge (near Newport Pagnell services) would be part of the H2. The former A5130 road (now 'Fen Street') skirts the eastern edge of Milton Keynes forming an important route to Junction 14 of the M1 and was a de facto V12.[8] Part of this route has been downgraded into a densely built, slow-speed, mixed mode "City Street", despite some local opposition[9] Upgrading this road to a grid road was considered at a meeting of the Milton Keynes Partnership, and immediately being dismissed without explanation, despite local parish councils voting 22 in favour and one abstaining to oppose the A5130 downgrading plans as they go against the nature of the grid system. Grid system expansionThe 2004 expansion of Milton Keynes did not follow the grid principle, although several new extensions were planned to the grid network. Following later changes in policy new grid roads are once again being planned. They are listed below in numerical order, listing H-roads first.
The western and eastern expansion areas being developed by Milton Keynes Partnership moved away from the grid system towards a more traditional road layout centred around 'city streets'. The Milton Keynes Forum and the Urban Eden pressure group are both fighting this, in favour of extending the grid system. The 'city streets' are designed to function as high streets, providing focal centres for the new developments and providing public transport corridors. Following policy changes in 2011 grid roads have been reintroduced into the WEA. References1. ^As detailed below and in the redway system article, experienced and commuting cyclists may choose the grid roads over the redways. {{Transport in Buckinghamshire}}2. ^{{cite book |title='The story of the original CMK' … told by the people who shaped the original Central Milton Keynes(interviews) |last=Kitchen |first=Roger |authorlink= |author2=Hill, Marion |year=2007 |publisher=Living Archive |location=Milton Keynes |isbn=9780904847345 |page=17 |url=http://www.livingarchive.org.uk/ |accessdate=26 January 2009}} (Professor Lock is visiting professor of town planning at Reading University. He was the chief town planner for CMK.) (Ten miles is about 16km and 18,000 acres is about 7,300 hectares), 3. ^{{coord|52.0541|-0.7023|display=inline|region:GB_scale:5000}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Bletcham Way, Bletchley|url=https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Bletcham+Way,+Bletchley&hl=en&ll=52.007769,-0.711724&spn=0.002064,0.004941&sll=53.373074,-1.481379&sspn=0.0005,0.001235&oq=bletcham+&t=h&hnear=Bletcham+Way,+Bletchley,+Milton+Keynes,+United+Kingdom&z=18|publisher=Google|accessdate=6 October 2013}} 5. ^Milton Keynes Official City Atlas 2011, Heron Maps, 2011. 6. ^Interactive Map of Milton Keynes & North Bucks – MKWeb 7. ^Interactive Map of Milton Keynes & North Bucks – MKWeb 8. ^More talks on A5130 'city street' plans {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929013010/http://www.mk-news.co.uk/mknews-news/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=77795 |date=29 September 2007 }} – MK News 9. ^Milton Keynes Partnership 2 : Roads in Milton Keynes|Transport in Milton Keynes |
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