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词条 Mining in Iran
释义

  1. Economics

  2. Commodities

     Iron and steel  Iron ore  Steel  Bauxite and aluminium  Bauxite  Aluminium  Coal  Coke  Zinc and lead  Uranium  Copper  Gold  Cement 

  3. Foreign investments

  4. Production statistics

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}

Mining in Iran is underdeveloped,[1] yet the country is one of the most important mineral producers in the world, ranked among 15 major mineral-rich countries,[2] holding some 68 types of minerals, 37 billion tonnes of proven reserves and more than 57 billion tonnes of potential reserves worth $770 billion in 2014.[3][4] Mineral production contributes only 0.6 per cent to the country's GDP.[5] Add other mining-related industries and this figure increases to just four per cent (2005). Many factors have contributed to this, namely lack of suitable infrastructure, legal barriers, exploration difficulties, and government control over all resources.

The most important mines in Iran include coal, metallic minerals, sand and gravel, chemical minerals and salt. Khorasan has the most operating mines in Iran. Other large deposits which mostly remain underdeveloped are zinc (world's largest), copper (world's ninth largest reserves in 2011, according to the managing director of National Iranian Copper Industries Company), iron (world's 12th largest in 2013 according to the US Geological Survey),[6] uranium (world's tenth largest) and lead (world's eleventh largest).[7][8][9][10][11] Iran with roughly 1% of the world's population holds more than 7% of the world's total mineral reserves.[12]

Economics

{{see also|Economy of Iran|Iran Mercantile Exchange|Tehran Stock Exchange| Environmental issues in Iran}}

Close to 30 percent of the country's investment has been made in the mining field in recent years. In 2008, forty five percent of the stock market's capitalization was in the mineral industries.[13] In 2008 the share of the mining sector and mineral industries increased to over five percent in GDP.[13] The sector with the highest profit margin among the top 100 Iranian companies in 2009 was mining, with a margin of 58%, while those in the Fortune 500 had a gross profit margin of 11%.[14] In the first quarter of 2009–2010, Iran exported close to 5.6 million tons of mineral products worth over $1.2 billion.[15] In 2009–2010 the mining sector had exports reaching $8.13 billion, accounting for about 32 percent of the country's non-oil exports.[16] Every year, the iron ore price is determined by the government after negotiations between iron ore and steel producers. In 2008, the average price of iron ore was set at $56 per tonne. The steel, cement and iron ore prices are currently being liberalized in Iran. In March 2012, the Iran Mercantile Exchange (IME) announced the complete liberalisation of the sale price of raw steel and by-products.[17] Iran's mineral reserves are valued at more than $770 billion (2014).[18]

In 2005, of 3,125 operating mines, 2,747 and 378 mines were run by private and public sectors respectively.[19] As of 2010, 5,574 mines are being exploited in 30 provinces of the country (which are active, inactive or in the state of being equipped).[16] The rate of extraction from these mines stood at approximately 217.5 million tons in previous years. More than 100,000 people are presently engaged in the mines sector while as a whole some 500,000 people are employed in the mine sector.[16] The number of operating mining units stands at 20,375.[3][16] National Iranian mining company is the world's 23rd largest mining company with 0.6% of the world's total mining production.[20]

Exploration projects implemented by the National Geology and Mineral Exploration Organization in the three years period of 2005–2008 are six times higher than the figure for the same period during the previous government.[21] Since 2005, mortality rate in mining mishaps has declined to one death for every 10 million tons of mining production from the previous figure of six million tons.[22]

Commodities

{{See also|Industry of Iran|IMIDRO}}

Although the petroleum industry provides the majority of economic revenues, about 75 percent of all mining sector employees work in mines producing minerals other than oil and natural gas.

These include coal, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromium,[23] barite (world's sixth largest producer[24]), salt, gypsum, molybdenum, strontium,[25] silica, uranium, and gold (most as a coproduct of the Sar Cheshmeh copper complex operations). The mines at Sarcheshmeh in Kerman Province contain the world's second largest lode of copper ore (5% of the world's total). Some 128,500 tons were extracted in 2000–2001. Large iron ore deposits exist in central Iran, near Bafq, Yazd, and Kerman.

Iran produces orpiment and realgar arsenic concentrates, silver, asbestos, borax, hydraulic cement, clays (bentonite, industrial, and kaolin), diatomite, feldspar, fluorspar, turquoise, industrial or glass sand (quartzite and silica), lime, magnesite, nitrogen (of ammonia and urea), perlite, natural ocher and iron oxide mineral pigments, pumice and related volcanic materials, caustic soda, stones and decorative stones (including granite, marble, travertine, dolomite, and limestone),[26] celestite, natural sulfates (aluminum potassium sulfate and sodium sulfate), amber, tungsten, agate, lapis lazuli[27] and talc. Iran also produces ferromanganese, ferromolybdenum, nepheline syenite, demantoids,[28] phosphate rock, selenium, shell, andalusite, rockwool, garnet,[29] gabbro, diorite, vermiculite, attapulgite,[30] calcium, barium, rare earth elements, scandium, yttrium[31][32] and zeolite, and had the capacity to mine onyx.[33] Iran also has large deposits of herbertsmithite around the city of Anarak.[34]

Iron and steel

Iron ore

In 2009 Iran produced 25.5 million tons of iron ore (fines, lumps and concentrate),[35][41][36] – Alternatively, U.S. Geological Survey ranked Iran, the 8th largest producer of iron ore in 2009 with 33 million tons of output.[37] Chadormalu and Gol Gohar Iron Ore are the two largest iron ore mines (accounting for

more than 80% of iron ore production in Iran).[38]

  • Chadormalu Mining and Industrial Company produced 9,498,000 mt of iron ore. It is the largest iron ore producer listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange,[39]
  • Gol Gohar Iron Ore Company produced 7,209,000 mt of iron ore; Gol Gohar pellet plant near the southern city of Sirjan, the biggest of its kind in the Middle East, uses iron ore concentrates from the Gol-e-Gohar mine in the province.[40] The new plant produces five million tonnes of iron ore per year; enough for production of 2.5 million tonnes of steel.[40]
  • Iran Central Iron Ore Company produced 5,310,000 mt, with the remainder produced by other smaller public sector miners.[41] In 2009, Iran exported about 10 million metric tons of iron ore, mainly to China.[36]
  • Gohar Zamin Iron Ore Mine is expected to produce 140 million tons of ore by 2013.[42]

In 2012, Iran opened a sponge iron plant in Hormozgan Province with a projected annual output of 1.8 million tons.[43] Tariffs for the export of iron ore concentrate and pellet have been set at 50% and 35% respectively (2010).[44] Starting in 2012, iron ore companies will pay tariffs for their excavation licenses 2% of the price of a tonne of steel billet for every tonne of iron ore that they sell.[45]

Steel

Prior to the Iranian revolution one of Iran's crowning transformations into an industrialized country was steel. The gigantic Soviet-built Aryamehr steel works in Isfahan was the leading industrial concentration in the country. In 1978, Aryamehr was producing in excess of 1.9 million tons of steel annually, and by 1985 it was slated to have an output of 8 million tons a year, making it one of the largest steel plants in the world. By 1985 had the revolution and war not destroyed everything-new plants at Ahwaz, Bandar Abbas, Isfahan, and other sites would have given Iran steel-producing capacity of over 15 million tons a year.

Steel production capacity will reach 17 million tons from 10 million tons in 2009 after the private and state projects come on stream, and 40 million tons over the long run.[46] Main steel mills are located in Isfahan and Khuzestan.[47][48]

Major raw steel producers in Iran are:[49]

  • Mobarakeh Steel Mill (47% market share as of 2010),
  • Khouzestan Steel Company (23% market share, with new capacity of 80,000 tons),[50]
  • Isfahan Foundry (20% market share),
  • Iran National Steel Industries Group (10% market share),

Other notable or new steel producers in Iran are:[47][48]

  • Azerbaijan Steel Company,
  • Iran Steel Alloy Company,
  • Ahvaz Pipe and Rolling Company,
  • Khorasan Steel Company,
  • Natanz Steel Complex, near the city of Isfahan with annual production capacity of 800,000 tonnes of steel rods and is the largest steel rod plant in the Middle East,
  • Bonab Steel Complex, in the north-western province of East Azerbaijan. The first unit is a corrugated steel bar production line, with a production capacity of 1 million tonnes per annum and is the largest of its kind in the Middle East. The second unit is a steel ingot production plant, with an annual capacity of 500,000 tonnes.[51]
  • In 2010, Iran also inaugurated the largest galvanized sheet production plant for automobiles in the Middle East in the city of Shahr-e Kord.[52] The plant, which was financed by Iran Khodro and SAIPA, has a capacity of 400,000 tpy.[44]
  • In 2012, a steel ingot plant was inaugurated in Hormozgan Province of Iran. The Hormozgan Steel Company has the initial production capacity of 1.5 million tons per year with the capacity to be extended to three million tons in a year. The plant has been built by an Iranian-German consortium (IRITEC, SMS-DEMAG).[53]

Iran became self-sufficient in steel production in 2009.[54] In 2008 Iran produced 7.5 million tons of direct reduced iron (DRI). It produces 13 percent of global DRI production and 41 percent of total Middle East DRI production.[3] In addition, these projects have resulted in industrial decentralization, development of underprivileged regions, increase in GNP and promotion of industrial infrastructure.[55] Iran is the world's 16th steel producer.[56]

Bauxite and aluminium

Bauxite

In 2009 Iran will produce 230,000 tons of bauxite.[57]

Aluminium

Iran's aluminium production is targeted to exceed 400,000 tonnes in 2012 and 1.5mnt by 2022. Planned projects include Alumina Mine's 100,000tpa aluminium production project in North Khorasan Province, 276,000tpa South Aluminium project as well as the 375,000tpa Khuzestan Aluminium project.[58]

As at 2012, the largest plants for aluminium production in Iran are:

  • Iralco,
  • Almahdi,
  • Hormozal aluminium smelter plant in Bandar Abbas. The newly built Hormozal plant with an annual production capacity of 147,000 tonnes is a joint venture between Iran and Italy.[59]

Coal

{{see also|Energy in Iran}}

Iran has recoverable proven coal reserves of nearly 1.9bn short tonnes, and with total estimated coal reserves of more than 50 billion short tonnes.[60][61] By mid-2008, the country produced about 1.3m short tonnes of coal annually and consumed about 1.5m short tonnes, making it a small net importer of coal.[60] Iran plans to increase hard-coal production to 5 million tons in 2012 from 2 million tons in November 2008.[62] Major coal producers and exporters in Iran are:[63]

  • Kerman Coal Company,
  • Eastern Alborz Coal Company, and
  • Central Alborz Coal Company.

Coke

In 2015 Iran produced 1.7 million tons of coke.[57]

Zinc and lead

Iran has over 220 million tonnes of proven zinc and lead ore reserves. With approximately 11 million tonnes of zinc metal constituent and 5 million tonnes of lead metal constituent, Iran has just below 5% of the world's metal constituent reserves. Two important mines in Iran are:[39]

  • Mahdi-Abad, which has 75 million tonnes of ore with a zinc concentration of 6% and a lead concentration of 2.7%,
  • Angouran mine, which has 16 million tonnes of ore with a zinc concentration of 26% and a lead concentration of 6%.

In 2009, with approximately 165,000 tonnes of production, Iran ranked first in the Middle East and 15th in the world in terms of zinc and lead production. In 2009, Iran exported 77,000 tonnes of zinc and lead concentrate and ingot.

The largest or most profitable producers of zinc and lead in Iran are:[14][39]

  • Iran Zinc Mines Development Group (largest producer),
  • Bama Mining & Industrial Co.,
  • Bafgh Mines Co.,
  • Calsimin Co. (the largest zinc producer in the Middle East)

Uranium

{{See also|Nuclear program of Iran}}

Iran is believed to have large reserves of uranium to use as nuclear fuel in different parts of Iran including Bandar Abbas, Yazd, North Khorasan and Iranian Azerbaijan.[64][65]

Copper

In 2009 Iran produced 383,000 tons of copper.[35][46] As of 2011, Iran had the world's 9th largest reserves of copper at 32.5 million tons.[7] The mines at Sarcheshmeh in Kerman Province contain the world's second largest lode of copper ore (5% of the world's total). As of 2010, Iran ranked 10th in copper production and 17th in copper cathodes production (220,000 tons).[66] In 2009, Iran exported $1.2 billion worth of copper cathodes.[66]

National Iranian Copper Industries Company (NICICO) is one of the largest companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and was the largest non-oil exporter in Iran in 2010 with exports worth $1.3 billion.[67]

Gold

{{See also|Central Bank of Iran & above-ground gold reserves}}

Iran's total gold reserves (below ground) are estimated at 320 metric tons.[68] Based on a short-term program (2008), gold production will reach five tons per year. Under the long-term plan, the figure will rise to 25 tons per annum. The main gold-rich regions in Iran are:[69]

  • Meydouk in Shahr-e Babak (Kerman Province),
  • Khorapeh in Piranshahr (West Azerbaijan Province),
  • Nabijan in Kalaybar, (East Azerbaijan Province)
  • Andaryan in Varzaqan County, East Azerbaijan Province
  • Alikh in Jolfa (East Azerbaijan Province),
  • Logheh (Zanjan Province),
  • Qolqoleh (Kurdistan Province),
  • Saqqez, in the west,
  • Piranshahr in the west,
  • Maherabad, in the east,
  • Sheikhabad, in the east.

The gold mine in the city of Takab in West Azerbaijan Province (Iran's largest gold mine until 2012) has over 4 tons of proven gold reserves and 5.81 grams of gold can be netted from each ton of gold ore extracted from the mine.[70] In 2012, three new gold mines with 16 tons of proven net gold deposits have been discovered in Saqqez city in the western province of Kurdistan.[71] As of 2014, gold ore reserves of Zareh Shuran mine in West Azerbaijan (largest gold plant in the M.E.) are estimated at 20 million tons with an average grade of 5.5 gram per ton which is considered one of the most valuable known mines in the country.[72]

Cement

{{see also|Construction industry of Iran}}

In 2009, IMIDRO reported that 9 countries including Syria, Venezuela, Bolivia, Algeria, Lebanon, Ecuador, Iraq, Belarus and one of the Mid-Asian countries will have cement plants which will be constructed by Iranian engineers.[73] Iran is the 8th cement producer in world and 2nd in the Middle East, after Turkey.[96][74] In 2009 Iran produced some 65 million tons of cement per year and exported to 40 countries.[75][76] There are 57 active production units in Iran as of 2010. As of 2010, 28 cement companies were listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Iran constitutes 1.8% of the world's cement production and 1.6% of the world's cement consumption.[96] The main producers of cement are:[77]

  • Fars & Khuzestan Group is Iran's largest producer of cement with a market share of 24%,
  • Abyek with 8% market share,
  • Tehran with 7% market share,
  • Sepahan with 6% market share.

Cement production/prices in Iran are being liberalized since 2008. The cement industry is one of the economic sectors that will be hit the hardest in Iran following of the 2010 subsidy reform plan, because many Iranian cement factories are energy-inefficient.[77]

Foreign investments

{{see also|Foreign direct investment in Iran|Tax exemptions in Iran|Privatization of mining sector in Iran}}

The government owns 90 per cent of all mines and related large industries in Iran and is seeking foreign investment for the development of the mining sector. In the steel and copper sectors alone, the government is seeking to raise around US$1.1 billion in foreign financing.

In the early 1990s the buy-back method of transaction (the government buys back the industrial project after the foreign direct investor has recouped his initial investment in the project plus a predefined profit) was introduced to bypass constitutional constraints on foreign investment and avoid potential political difficulties within the country. The scheme has government support for being an efficient means of attracting foreign capital, services and technical expertise, while reducing foreign exchange expenditures and expanding exports. If the Iranian Government is to fulfil its 20-year plan to improve the country's mining sector, it's estimated that US$20 billion, mostly in foreign investment, will be required.

  • Projects eligible for buy-back agreements and foreign loan facilities are:

Projects that complete aluminium metal production lines

Projects that mobilise coal, iron ore, steel, copper and pigment metals production

Ferro alloys projects and gold production

  • Iran imports the following equipment to support its mining sector:

Mining equipment such as drills, loaders and shovels

Support equipment such as bulldozers, graders, trucks and auxiliaries

Utility equipment such as compressed air plant equipment, water and waste-water treatment equipment

Mechanical equipment including equipment for crude ore handling, grinding, separation and treatment purposes

Laboratory and workshop equipment

Power supply and distribution equipment

Process control instruments

Most of the electrical distribution equipment for water supply and treatment utilities, along with steelworks and storage facilities are manufactured locally. There is a demand for high quality second-hand machinery in Iran.

To date, doing business in Iran has had political overtones.[78] In this regard, countries which can maintain a neutral and impartial political image in the Middle East are advantaged.

Production statistics

Iran's mineral produce include coal, metallic elements, sand and gravel, chemical minerals and salt. It has the world's largest zinc reserves, holds the second largest copper deposits and ranks ninth for its iron reserves.[79] The following is a list of some of Iran's industrial mining production and their international rankings:

{{see also|International rankings of Iran}}
Rankings
Name World ranking Annual production Year Source Notes
Steel 16th 10.9 million tonnes[80][81][82] 2009 World Steel Association/US Geological Survey Iran plans to increase steel production to 35 mn tonnes/year by 2015 and to 55 mn tonnes by 2020[83][84]
Aluminium oxide 26th 130,000 tonnes 2006 British Geological Survey
Bauxite 10th 500,000 tonnes 2008 US Geological Survey
Copper 12th 249,100 tonnes 2006 British Geological Survey
Aluminium 17th 457,000 tonnes 2006 List of countries by aluminium production
Cement 5th[74]45 million tonnes[85] 2009 List of countries by cement production
Pie Chart of World's Production 		Iran ranks 10th globally in terms of cement export[86]
Iron 8th 33 million tonnes 2009 US Geological Survey
Manganese 12th 115,000 tonnes 2006 British Geological Survey
Strontium 5th 2007 British Geological Survey World's 5th largest producer of strontium
Zinc 14th 166,000 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Chromium production 5th 2002 US Geological Survey Iran produces more than 4% of world's production
Feldspar 12th 411,807 tonnes 2006 British Geological Survey
Bentonite 12th 186,323 tonnes 2006 British Geological Survey Alternatively ranked at 13th by US Geological Survey[87]
Molybdenum 9th 2,000 tonnes[88] 2005 British Geological Survey
Sodium Chloride 15th 620,000 tonnes 2006 British Geological Survey ~1.25% of world's production
Baryte 6th 290,000 tonnes 2006 Baryte Production Rankings ~3.67% of world's production
Gypsum 2nd 2006 British Geological Survey Iran is the world's second largest producer after China
Iron ore 9th 35 million tonnes 2006 British Geological Survey
Perlite 10th 30,000 tonnes 2006 British Geological Survey
Silver 19th 90,700 tonnes 2008 [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219161548/http://www.silverinstitute.org/production.php The Silver Institute]
Turquoise 1st 2010 date=April 2011}} Iran is the world's oldest, finest and largest producer of turquoise
Soda Ash 20th 140,000 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Quicklime, hydrated lime including Dead-Burned Dolomite 13th 2.5 million tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Natural iron oxide 9th 2,600 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Mica 9th 7,000 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Magnesite 13th 90,000 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Lead 16th 24,000 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Kaolin 12th 550,000 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Industrial silica 14th 1.9 million tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Hydraulic cement 14th 32.7 million tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Gold 66th 0.85 tonnes 2008 British Geological Survey
Ferrochromium 14th 8,000 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Diatomite 20th 8,000 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Celestite 6th 7,500 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Boron 9th 3,000 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Asbestos 9th 5,000 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Arsenic 11th 100 tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Ammonia 21st 1.02 million tonnes 2006 US Geological Survey
Nepheline syenite 4th 75,000 tonnes[89] 2007 British Geological Survey
Phosphorite 27th 62,000 tonnes[89] 2011 British Geological Survey
Sulfur and Pyrite 12th 1.6 million tonnes[89] 2011 British Geological Survey
Talc 16th 95,000 tonnes[89] 2011 British Geological Survey

See also

{{Portal|Mining}}
  • Ministry of Industries and Mines (Iran)
  • Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines & Agriculture
  • Industry of Iran
  • Construction industry of Iran
  • Petroleum industry in Iran
    • National Iranian Oil Company
  • List of companies of Iran
    • Bank of Industry and Mine
    • IMIDRO
    • HEPCO
  • Sungun copper mine
  • Economy of Iran
  • Privatization in Iran
  • Foreign direct investment in Iran
  • International rankings of Iran

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88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?product=molybdenum&graph=production |title=Molybdenum Production by Country (Metric tons of contained molybdenum) |publisher=Indexmundi.com |accessdate=18 October 2011}}
89. ^1 2 3 http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2701

External links

  • [https://www.mimt.gov.ir/ Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade] – Iran
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080723090455/http://www.austrade.gov.au/Agribusiness-to-Iran/default.aspx Annual Reviews] – Reports by the Central Bank of Iran, including statistics about the mining sector in Iran.
  • Iran's Mining Sector
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080723094637/http://www.austrade.gov.au/Mining-to-Iran/default.aspx Mining to Iran – Australian Trade]
  • National Geoscience Database of Iran
    • Mineral Database of Iran
  • Iran mining & related industries information center
  • Mining Industry of Iran 1997
  • Ferroalloys: World production by ountry, furnace
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20160617124930/https://ulbiran.com/Metal.html Market of Iran]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717134732/http://www.mta.gov.tr/english/dergi/dergi_pdf/71/6.pdf Importance of mining cooperation between Iran, Turkey and Pakistan]
Specialized reports
  • Iran Metals Report Business Monitor International (2012)
  • The Mineral Industry of Iran (2002)
Videos

Iran's mining industry - Press TV (2011):

  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wo-V-v15k6M Part I]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn8ggtq-jEk Part II]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mining In Iran}}

1 : Mining in Iran
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