| 词条 | Mirabehn |
| 释义 |
| name = | image = Gandhi at Darwen.jpg | alt = | caption = Mirabehn with Gandhi at Darwen, Sharko, 1931 | birth_name = Madeleine Slade | birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|11|22|df=y}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|07|20|1892|11|22|df=y}} | death_place = Vienna, Austria | nationality = | other_names = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} Madeleine Slade (22 November 1892 – 20 July 1982), also known as Mirabehn or Meera Behn, was a British woman who left her home in Britain to live and work with Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of the Indian Independence Movement. She devoted her life to human development and the advancement of Gandhi's principles. She was the daughter of the British Rear-Admiral Sir Edmond Slade. Early lifeMirabehn was born into an aristocratic British family in 1892. Her father, Sir Edmond Slade was an officer in the Royal Navy who was posted in Mirabehn's early years as the Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies Squadron, later becoming director of the Naval Intelligence Division.[1] She spent much of her childhood with her maternal grandfather who owned a large country estate and was from an early age a nature and animal lover.[2] The other great passion of the young Mirabehn was the music of Ludwig van Beethoven. She took to the piano and concerts and even went on to become an concert manager. In 1921 she even arranged for a German conductor to lead the London Orchestra in concerts featuring Beethoven and helped bring about an end to the British boycott of German musicians that followed the First World War.[1] She also visited Vienna and Germany to see the places where Beethoven had lived and composed his music and she read extensively on him. She read Romain Rolland's books on Beethoven and later sought and met with him at Villeneuve, where he was then living. During this meeting, Rolland mentioned about a new book of his called Mahatma Gandhi which she had not read then. Rolland described Gandhi as another Christ and as the greatest figure of the 20th century.[1][2] On her return to England she read Rolland's biography of Gandhi and the book convinced her to become a disciple of the Mahatma. She wrote to Gandhi asking him if she could become his disciple and live with him in Sabarmati Ashram. Gandhi replied, inviting her over but also warning her of the discipline of the Ashram's inmates.[3] Having made her decision, she went about training herself for all the demands of an ascetic's life in India including vegetarianism, spinning and teetotalism. That year in England, she subscribed to Young India and spent a part of her time in Paris reading the Bhagvad Gita and some of the Rigveda in French.[4] Life in India and role in the freedom struggleShe arrived in Ahmedabad on 7 November 1925 where she was received by Mahadev Desai, Vallabhbhai Patel and Swami Anand. This was the beginning of her stay in India that lasted almost thirty-four years.[4] Mirabehn during her stay in India went to the Gurukul Kahhngri to learn Hindi. Thereafter she went to Bhagwat Bhakti Ashram of Rewari established by Swami Parmanand Maharaj to be blgjjessed by him. She also wrote to Mahatma Gandhi about her experiences there in Bhagwat Bhakti Ashram.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} Mirabehn's stay in India coincided with the zenith Gandhian phase of the freedom struggle. She accompanied Gandhi and others to the Round Table Conference in London in 1931. While on their way back from London, Mirabehn and Gandhi visited Rolland for a week and as they took his leave, Rolland gave her a book on Beethoven which he had written while she was in India. In 1960 as she began to read it, it convinced her to move to Austria and spend her remaining days in the land of Beethoven's music.[1] The resumption of the Non Cooperation Movement in 1931 saw her being imprisoned during 1932–33.[5] To plead India's case she also went abroad meeting, among others, David Lloyd George, General Smuts and Winston Churchill, and visited the United States, where she met Mrs. Roosevelt at the White House. Mirabehn also took an active interest in the establishment of the Sevagram Ashram and worked among the people of Orissa to resist any potential Japanese invasion non-violently in the beginning of 1942. She was arrested and detained with Gandhi in the Aga Khan Palace, Pune, from August 1942 to May 1944 where she saw Mahadev Desai and Kasturba Gandhi pass away. She was also a witness to the Simla Conference and the Cabinet Mission, the Interim Government and the Constituent Assembly, the Partition of India and the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} Post-independence life in IndiaAfter her release from the Aga Khan Palace, with Gandhiji's permission, she established the Kisan Ashram at a Village named Mooldaspur majra a site near Roorkee. The land was donated to her by the local villagers. After Independence, she established the Pashulok Ashram near Rishikesh and a settlement named Bapu Gram and the Gopal Ashram in Bhilangana in 1952.[4] She took to dairying and farming experiments in these ashrams and also spent a while in Kashmir. During the time she spent in Kumaon and Garhwal she observed the destruction of the forests there and the impact it was having on floods in the plains. She wrote about it in an essay titled Something Wrong in the Himalaya but her advice was ignored by the Forest Department. In the 1980s, these areas witnessed a large Gandhian environmental campaign to save the forests called the Chipko Movement.[6] One of her associates was the Hindu philosopher Ram Swarup.[7][8] She returned to England in 1959. In 1960, she relocated to Austria and spent twenty-two years in small villages in the Vienna Woods, where she died in 1982.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} She was awarded India's second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan in 1981.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} Books by MirabehnMirabehn's autobiography is titled The Spirit's Pilgrimage. She also published Bapu's Letters to Mira'and 'New and Old Gleanings.[9][10] At the time of her death she had also left behind an unpublished biography of Beethoven, the Spirit of Beethoven.[11] In popular culture
Bibliography
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last=Lindley|first=Mark|title=Mirabehn, Gandhi and Beethoven|url=https://independent.academia.edu/MLindley/Papers/1248421/Mirabehn_Gandhi_and_Beethoven|publisher=Academia.edu}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|last=Gupta|first=Krishna Murti|title=Mira Behn: A friend of nature|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/opinion/mira-behn-friend-nature|date=14 August 1993|publisher=India Environment Portal}} 3. ^1 {{cite news|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=IN LOVE WITH THE MAHATMA|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051001/asp/opinion/story_5300910.asp|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=1 October 2005}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Associates of Mahatma Gandhi, Mirabehn|url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/associates/Mirabehn.htm|publisher=mkgandhi.org}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=WOMEN AND INDIA'S INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT|url=http://myproject22.tripod.com/women_and_india.htm}} 6. ^{{cite web|last=Langston|first=Nancy|title=Significant Women in Forestry|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429161857/http://encyclopediaofforestry.org:80/index.php/Significant_Women_in_Foresty|date=22 April 2007 |publisher=Society of American Foresters}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Schouten, Jan Peter |title=Jesus as Guru: The Image of Christ Among Hindus and Christians in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIoKdTH7KPsC|year=2008|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-420-2443-7|page=261}} 8. ^Elst, Koenraad. Ram Swarup (1920–1998) – Outline of a Biography. koenraadelst.bharatvani.org 9. ^{{cite web|title=Mira Behn, disciple of Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://www.indiavideo.org/text/mira-behn-1225.php|publisher=indiavideo.org}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Books by Mirabehn|url=https://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&rh=n%3A283155%2Ck%3AMirabehn%5Cc&page=1|publisher=amazon.com}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=The making of Mirabehn|url=http://hindu.com/2000/09/24/stories/13240864.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 September 2000}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Madeleine Slade}}
10 : Indian independence activists|1892 births|1982 deaths|Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in social work|Indian spiritual writers|Gandhians|Women Indian independence activists|20th-century Indian women writers|20th-century Indian writers|20th-century British writers |
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