| 词条 | Mission Robinson |
| 释义 |
Mission Robinson is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs) implemented by Hugo Chávez in 2003. The name "Robinson" was given to the Mission in remembrance of the pseudonym adopted during his exile from Spanish America by Venezuelan philosopher and educator Simón Rodríguez (1769–1854). The program uses volunteers to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic to Venezuelan adults who are illiterate. The program is military-civilian in nature, and sends soldiers to, among other places, remote and dangerous locales in order to reach the most undereducated, neglected, and marginalized adult citizens to give them regular schooling and lessons. StatisticsOn the first anniversary of Mission Robinson's establishment, and to an audience of 50,000 formerly illiterate Venezuelans, Hugo Chávez Frías stated in the Teresa Carreño theater in Caracas that “it was truly a world record, in a year we have graduated 1,250,000 Venezuelans".[1] On 28 October 2005, Venezuela declared itself a "Territory Free of Illiteracy", having raised the literacy rate to 99% according to initial government statements that later changed to around 96%.[2] 1,482,000 adults learned to read and write, as was announced in the context of the declaration.[3] According to Francisco Rodríguez of Wesleyan University in Connecticut and Daniel Ortega of IESA, there has been “little evidence” of “statistically distinguishable effect on Venezuelan illiteracy”.[2] The Venezuelan government claimed that it had taught 1.5 million Venezuelans to read,[3] but the study found that "only 1.1m were illiterate to begin with" and that the illiteracy reduction of less than 100,000 can be attributed to adults that were elderly and died.[2] Previous reports had claimed that the eradication of illiteracy had been UNESCO-verified. In October 2006, Venezuelan Education Minister Aristóbulo Istúriz clarified that Venezuela had not received a UNESCO certification because the organisation does not certify literacy programs.[4] "Venezuela is a sovereign nation, Venezuela declares itself Illiteracy-Free Territory," affirmed the minister.[5] According to UNESCO, of Venezuelans aged 15 and older, 95.2% can read and write, one of the highest literacy rates in the region. The literacy rate in 2007 was estimated to be 95.4% for males and 94.9% for females.[6] In 2007 primary education enrollment was around 93%.[7] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.todochavez.gob.ve/todochavez/717-intervencion-del-comandante-presidente-hugo-chavez-en-el-acto-de-graduacion-y-celebracion-del-primer-aniversario-de-la-mision-robinson-i|title=Intervención del Comandante Presidente Hugo Chávez en el acto de Graduación y Celebración del Primer Aniversario de la Misión Robinsón I|date=1 July 2004|website=Todo Chávez en la web|publisher=Instituto de Altos Estudios del Pensamiento del Comandante Supremo Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías|accessdate=26 May 2017}} {{Topics related to Hugo Chávez}}2. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Propaganda, not policy|url=http://www.economist.com/node/10766504|accessdate=3 May 2014|newspaper=The Economist|date=28 February 2008}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|last=Márquez|first=Humberto|title=Venezuela se declara libre de analfabetismo|publisher=Inter Press Service|url=http://ipsnoticias.net/nota.asp?idnews=35621|date=28 October 2005|accessdate=29 December 2006|language=es|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6SKR8WGpN?url=http://www.ipsnoticias.net/2005/10/educacion-venezuela-se-declara-libre-de-analfabetismo/|archivedate=4 September 2014|df=}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vive.gob.ve/inf_art.php?id_not=2723&id_s=6&id_ss=1|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211074039/http://www.vive.gob.ve/inf_art.php?id_not=2723&id_s=6&id_ss=1|archive-date=11 December 2007|title=Ministro de Educación y Deporte desmiente matriz mediática sobre Misión Robinson|publisher=ViVe Televisión|date=19 October 2006}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/?act=ST&f=20&t=39411|language=es|date=19 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212312/http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/?act=ST&f=20&t=39411|archivedate=27 September 2007|publisher=Radio Nacional de Venezuela|title=Basándose en vijas cifras. Descalificación de la Misión Robinson se debe al ambiente electoral}} 6. ^UNESCO, Education in Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 7. ^Venezuelanalysis.com, 27 January 2010, UNESCO: Education in Venezuela Has Greatly Improved External links
2 : Bolivarian Missions|Education in Venezuela |
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