“Mondulkiri Province”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mondulkiri, officially Mondul Kiri^[2] ({{lang-km|មណ្ឌលគិរី}}, {{IPA-km|mɔn ˌdɔːl ki ˈriː|IPA}}, "Mountain of Mandala"), is a province (khaet) of Cambodia. Bordering the provinces of Kratié to the west, Stung Treng to the northwest, Ratanakiri to the north and the country of Vietnam to the east and south, it is the most sparsely populated province in the country despite being the largest in land area. The province was created in 1961 from the eastern part of Kratié Province. The capital is the town of Senmonorom.

History

In 1960 Mondulkiri was created out of Kratié Province by order of King Norodom Sihanouk. Saen Monorom was set up as the capital in 1962. During the Vietnam War in the late 1960s, Mondulkiri was home to three bases of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam which resulted in numerous incursions and bombings by US forces. About 1970 the area fell under Khmer Rouge domination. Subsequently much of the populace was forcibly removed to Koh Nhek (Kaoh Nheaek) district to provide labor for rice growing. Schools, hospitals, even entire villages were destroyed. As many as half of the people in the province died during the forced relocation in the 1970s.

The Bunong people appear to have lived in the provincial area for about 2000 years, but there is little documentation until France colonized Cambodia in 1864. Like other people in the province, the Bunong were displaced in the 1970s and only allowed to return to their traditional homeland in the 1980s.^[3]

Administrative divisions

The province is subdivided into 4 districts and 1 municipality, which are further subdivided into 21 communes and 98 villages.^[2]

Geography and environment

Mondulkiri is Cambodia's largest and also most sparsely populated province, containing an area of {{convert|14288|km2|abbr=on}} with elevations ranging from {{convert|190|to|1000|m}}. It is located in the south-east part of the country and borders three provinces in Vietnam; Đắk Lắk, Đắk Nông, and Bình Phước provinces. Three rivers cross the province; Srepok, Preaek Chhbaar, and Preaek te Rivers.

The provincial capital is Sen Monorom which is located in the southeastern part of the province about {{convert|390|km|abbr=on}} from Phnom Penh, the national capital.^[5]

Waterfalls

Mondulkiri is known for its forested hills and powerful waterfalls. Some waterfalls include:

Forests

Mondulkiri faces a significant threat from illegal loggers attempting to exploit the province's virgin tropical seasonal forests.^[7]

Demographics

Eighty percent of Mondulkiri's population is made up of ten tribal minorities, with the majority of them being Pnong. The remaining 20 percent are Khmer, Chinese, and Muslims Cham.

Economy and transportation

The population lives off the land, planting rice, fruit trees, and a variety of vegetables. Others grow strawberries, coffee, rubber, and cashew nuts.

Road development continues to impact seriously on indigenous communities like the Pnong ethnic group. According to a United Nations paper, the construction of a road from Mondulkiri to Ratanakiri has resulted in massive land grabbing.^[8]

Sen Monorom is connected to the rest of the province to the south-west, along the border with Vietnam, by National Highway 76 and to the north by Highway 141.

Culture

Although more and more houses are built in 'Khmer style', traditional Phnong houses can still be found. Pnong houses contain large jars (which are said to be more than a thousand years old) and traditional gongs. There are various gongs used at different occasions. Jars and gongs are among the most valuable possessions of indigenous communities both in traditional and spiritual as well as material terms. During the times of Pol Pot those objects were buried in hidden places in the jungle and in many cases they still wait in the ground.

References

1. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/pre_rep1.pdf|title = General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals|publisher = National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning|date = 3 September 2008|format = PDF}}
2. ^https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/8th-uncsgn-docs/inf/8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.30_corr1.pdf
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia-mondulkiri.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/2-tourism/28-history|title=Mondulkiri - Tourism & Development (Kingdom of Cambodia) - History|accessdate=2013-06-18}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/once-in-a-lifetime-journeys/guide-wild-east-cambodia/|title=Guide to the Wild East of Cambodia – what to do and where to go in the Green Triangle|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
5. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia-mondulkiri.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/2-tourism/25-geography|title=Mondulkiri - Tourism & Development (Kingdom of Cambodia)|accessdate=2013-06-18}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/once-in-a-lifetime-journeys/guide-wild-east-cambodia/|title=Guide to the Wild East of Cambodia – what to do and where to go in the Green Triangle|last=|first=Once in a Lifetime Journey|date=|website=https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
7. ^Illegal Logging in Mondulkiri – a Test Case for Forest Sector Law Enforcement, Global Witness.
8. ^[https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/6_session_tebtebba_iwgia.pdf Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues], Economic and Social Council, United Nations.