| 词条 | Mongolia–North Korea relations |
| 释义 |
Mongolia–North Korea relations ({{lang-mn|Монгол, БНАСАУ-ын харилцаа}}, {{lang-ko|몽골-조선민주주의인민공화국 관계}}) are the historic and current bilateral relations between Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). HistoryThe two countries established diplomatic relations on October 15, 1948. Mongolia was the second country to recognize North Korea after the Soviet Union. Mongolia provided assistance to North Korea during the Korean War, although it did not directly participate, and it also contributed to the post-war reconstruction of the DPRK. On the basis of an aid agreement signed at the end of 1953, the Mongolian government sent 10,000 horses to North Korea.[1] After the war, Mongolia received and brought up more than 400 war-orphaned children in 1960-1970s. From 1960 to the mid-1980s, the Sino-Soviet split – in which Mongolia adopted a consistently pro-Soviet stance, whereas the DPRK's standpoint was usually closer to the Chinese position than to the Soviet one – considerably hindered Mongolian-North Korean cooperation. On several occasions, these disagreements led to various forms of low-intensity friction in Mongolian-DPRK relations.[2] Thanks to the post-1982 improvement of Sino-Soviet relations, in 1986 Mongolia and North Korea signed their first friendship and cooperation treaty.[3] Kim Il-sung also paid a visit to the country in 1988.[4] However, after the collapse of the Communist regime in Mongolia, relations became strained. The two countries nullified their earlier friendship and cooperation treaty in 1995, and in 1999, North Korea shut down their embassy in Ulan Bator on the occasion of an official visit Kim Dae-jung, the first such visit by a South Korean president.[3] Mongolia had previously expelled two North Korean diplomats for attempting to pass counterfeit United States one-hundred dollar bills.[5] Subsequently, Mongolia began to intensify its policy of engagement with North Korea, with the aim of improving relations.[6] In 2002, Paek Nam Sun became the first North Korean foreign minister to visit Mongolia in 14 years.[3] The most recent high-level visit occurred in July 2007, when Kim Yong-nam, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, made his third visit to the country; he had previously made two trips to Mongolia, in 1985 and 1988.[4] Unofficially, North Korean visitors show significant interest in studying Mongolia's economic reforms; according to the Mongolian side, North Koreans see them as non-threatening because they are a fellow non-Western country and went through similar experiences under communism.[7] Mongolia's efforts to introduce free-market capitalism to North Korea also have a component of self-interest. The Trans-Siberian Railway, an essential link in the potential continuous rail transit route from South Korea to Europe, passes through Mongolia; North Korean economic liberalisation which allowed South Korean shipping to pass through its borders would remove the major stumbling block to such a route, providing economic benefits for Mongolia.[8] North Korean refugees are a delicate issue between the two governments. In 2005, South Korean charity groups received from the Mongolian government an allocation of 1.3 square kilometres of land at an unspecified location 40 kilometres outside of Ulan Bator to establish a refugee camp.[9] However, as of November 2006, Miyeegombyn Enkhbold, Mongolia's prime minister, officially denied the existence of such camps. One scholar estimated that 500 North Korean refugees enter Mongolia each month, along with some legal migrant labourers who come under an inter-governmental agreement to work in light industry and infrastructure projects.[10]In 2013, the Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj visited North Korea, and the two countries expanded economic ties, particularly with regard to oil refining.[11][12] In October 2018, Korean president Kim Jong-un received an official invite to pay the visit to Mongolia.[13] Diplomatic missionsNorth Korean ambassadors to Mongolia
Mongolian ambassadors to North Korea
See also
References1. ^Balázs Szalontai, Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet-DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953-1964 (Stanford: Stanford University Press; Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2005), pp. 46-47. 2. ^On a DPRK-provoked incident in 1976, see Balázs Szalontai, “Expulsion for a Mistranslated Poem: The Diplomatic Aspects of North Korean Cultural Policies.” In: Vu Tuong and Wasana Wongsurawat, eds., Dynamics of the Cold War in Asia: Ideology, Identity, and Culture (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp. 157-159. 3. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2002_August_12/ai_90297096 |date=12 August 2002 |title=Mongolia, N. Korea sign friendship treaty |publisher=Kyodo |accessdate=2007-08-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026011320/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2002_August_12/ai_90297096 |archivedate=26 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 4. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/content/view/446/37/ |title=North Korean Kim visits Mongolia |date=20 July 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-22 |publisher=The UB Post |last=Ch. |first=Sumiyabazar |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812030253/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/content/view/446/37/ |archivedate=12 August 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 5. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/koreas/CF16Dg01.html|last=Foster-Carter|first=Aidan|publisher=Asia Times|date=16 June 2001|accessdate=2007-08-22|title=Pyongyang Watch}} 6. ^{{cite journal|url=http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/as.2006.46.2.275?cookieSet=1&journalCode=as|title=Mongolia's DPRK Policy: Engaging North Korea|first=Migeddorj|last=Batchimeg|journal=Asian Survey|date=March–April 2006|volume=46|issue=2|pages=275–297|doi=10.1525/as.2006.46.2.275|access-date=2007-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190834/http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/as.2006.46.2.275?cookieSet=1&journalCode=as|archive-date=2011-07-24|dead-url=yes|df=}} 7. ^{{cite news|title=A surprising sphere of influence: Ancient ties may be key to N. Korea|last=Pocha|first=Jehangir|date=12 December 2004|accessdate=2007-08-22|publisher=The Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2004/12/12/a_surprising_sphere_of_influence/}} 8. ^{{cite news|title=A softer approach to North Korea: Mongolia offers itself as a model for change|last=Pocha|first=Jehangir|date=18 March 2005|accessdate=2007-08-22|publisher=International Herald Tribune|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/03/17/news/mongolia.php}} 9. ^{{cite news|publisher=Radio Free Asia|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/politics/2005/09/06/nkorea_mongolia/|date=6 September 2005|title=Center Offers Haven For North Korean Defectors in Mongolia|last=Lee|first=Wonhee}} 10. ^{{cite news|publisher=Gulf Times, Qatar |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=119099&version=1&template_id=45&parent_id=25 |title=Mongolia not planning camps for North Korea |date=24 November 2006 |accessdate=2007-08-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201341/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=119099&version=1&template_id=45&parent_id=25 |archivedate=30 September 2007 |df= }} 11. ^http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/what-do-north-korea-and-mongolia-have-in-common/ 12. ^https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/25/mongolia-north-korea-special-relationship 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/asia/201810151068889210-mongolia-north-korea-kim-visit/|title=Mongolian President Invites Kim to Visit Ulaanbaatar - Reports|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-15}} 14. ^The Ambassador of North Korea Presents Letter of Credence to president Elbegdorj | President of Mongolia 15. ^DPRK Ambassador to Mongolia Appointed | Ministry of Foreign Affairs DPRK 16. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2008/200805/news05/14.htm |title=Credentials to Kim Yong Nam from Mongolian Ambassador | agency = KCNA |access-date=2017-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191638/http://kcna.co.jp/item/2008/200805/news05/14.htm |archive-date=2017-09-08 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 17. ^North Korea Newsletter No. 209 (May 10, 2012) | Yonhap News 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2016/201605/news13/20160513-20ee.html|title=Kim Yong Nam Receives Credentials from Mongolian Ambassador | agency = KCNA}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} External links
3 : Mongolia–North Korea relations|Bilateral relations of North Korea|Bilateral relations of Mongolia |
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