| 词条 | Monkey brains |
| 释义 |
ConsumptionIt is unclear whether monkey brains have ever been served in a restaurant or whether the practice itself is an urban legend.[3] Initial confusion over a translated term for the edible mushroom Hericium erinaceus may have played a part in the belief that monkey brains were used in Asian cuisine, as this mushroom is called hóu tóu gū (simplified: 猴头菇; traditional: 猴頭菇; lit. "monkey head mushroom") in Chinese.[1] Actual monkey brains were historically part of the Manchu Han Imperial banquet of the Qing Empire held during the 17th century,[2] where they may have been eaten directly from the skull.[3] Official Chinese policy on the procurement of certain wildlife species in the 21st century makes the serving of monkey brains illegal, with sentences of up to 10 years in prison for violators.[4] Beyond Asia and into Africa, naturalist Angela Meder has described in Gorilla Journal a cultural practice of the Anaang people of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon whereby a new tribal chief would consume the brain of a hunted gorilla while another senior member of the tribe consumed the heart. According to this account, the practice occurred only in the specific instance of a new chiefdom, as the killing of gorillas would otherwise be forbidden. This tradition was reported as deprecated by the beginning of the 21st century.[5] Health risksConsuming the brain and other nervous system tissues of some animals is considered hazardous to human health,[6] possibly resulting in transmissible encephalopathies such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.[7][8] Media depictionsA fictional depiction of the consumption of monkey brains is shown in the 1978 mondo film Faces of Death, directed by John Alan Schwartz.[13][14] The scene depicts an Eastern-themed restaurant with patrons seated around a table watching a belly dance. A narrator explains that these are tourists who have come to this location to consume "the house specialty."[9] The proprietor signals for a server to bring out a monkey, which is then secured inside a pen built into the table. The tourists are given hammers, and they proceed to hit the monkey on the head until it is killed.[13] The server then cuts open the skull and removes the monkey's brains onto a plate for the patrons to sample. The film's director acknowledged that the scene, like much of the film, is fiction.[10][14] The hammers were made of foam while the 'monkey's head' was a prop filled with gelatin, red food coloring, and cauliflower to simulate brain matter.[11] Additional depictions in the decade following the release of Faces of Death contain scenes which reference the practice of eating monkey brains, including one from the 1984 film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom,[12] as well as dialogue from the 1985 comedy Clue.[13] In addition to their shock value, what these scenes have in common are their representations of Orientalism, which according to author Sophia Rose Arjana, work as cinematic tropes used to "conflate bizarre and vulgarized representations of the Far East".[14] Further reading
| url = http://www.colorado.edu/rlst/holly-gayley | contribution = Eating Monkey Brains: Exoticizing the Han Chinese Banquet in a Tibetan Buddhist Argument for Vegetarianism | title = The Culinary in Buddhism: Miracles, Medicine and Monstrosity | last1 = Gayley | first1 = Holly | date = 20 November 2011 | publisher = | conference = Paper presented at the American Academy of Religion Conference held in San Francisco, CA., 19–22 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180424194722/https://www.colorado.edu/rlst/holly-gayley | archive-date = 24 April 2018 }}
| last1 = Kabzung | first1 = Gaerrang | title = Development as Entangled Knot: The Case of the Slaughter Renunciation Movement in Tibet, China | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | date = November 2015 | volume = 74 | issue = 4 | pages = 927–951 | doi = 10.1017/S0021911815001175 | issn = 0021-9118 }}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Schreiber|first1=Mark|title=Debunking Strange Asian Myths: Part II|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2002/08/08/issues/debunking-strange-asian-myths-part-ii/|website=The Japan Times|publisher=The Japan Times Ltd.|accessdate=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710135859/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2002/08/08/issues/debunking-strange-asian-myths-part-ii/|archive-date=10 July 2018|date=8 August 2002}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Monkey Brains (Cuisine)}}2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gayley|first1=Holly|title=The Compassionate Treatment of Animals|journal=Journal of Religious Ethics|date=1 March 2017|volume=45|issue=1|page=42|doi=10.1111/jore.12167|language=en|issn=1467-9795}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gayley|first1=Holly|issn=1076-9005|title=Reimagining Buddhist Ethics on the Tibetan Plateau|journal=Journal of Buddhist Ethics|volume=20|date=2013|page=264|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5c0/42fb9382e07232fcb962f77082370b607ec8.pdf|quote=Each dish is described in excruciating detail, including the infamous case of eating live monkey brains right out of the skull.}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Peter J.|title=Enforcing Wildlife Protection in China|journal=China Information|date=22 July 2016|volume=21|issue=1|pages=76–77, 80|doi=10.1177/0920203x07075082|url=http://animallawconference.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2015/09/Enforcing-Wildlife-Protection-in-China.pdf|language=en}} 5. ^{{cite journal | url = http://www.berggorilla.org/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/journal/journal-en/gorilla-journal-18-english.pdf | date=June 1999 |volume=18 |last=Meder|first=Angela |page=3| title = Gorillas in African Culture and Medicine | journal = Gorilla Journal | accessdate = 22 September 2014 }} 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Legg|first1=N.J.|last2=Thomson|first2=Alexa|title=Multiple Sclerosis and the Eating of Sheep's Brains|journal=The Lancet|date=February 1972|volume=299|issue=7746|pages=387|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92892-9}} 7. ^{{cite journal|title=Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease after Eating Ovine Brains?|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=24 April 1975|volume=292|issue=17|pages=927|doi=10.1056/NEJM197504242921721|pmid=1090830|issn=0028-4793|last1=Alter|first1=M.|last2=Frank|first2=Y.|last3=Doyne|first3=H.|last4=Webster|first4=D. D.}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Berger|first1=Joseph R|last2=Weisman|first2=Erick|last3=Weisman|first3=Beverly|title=Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Eating Squirrel Brains|journal=The Lancet|date=August 1997|volume=350|issue=9078|pages=642|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)63333-8}} 9. ^{{cite film |people=|date=10 November 1978 |title=Faces of Death |title-link=Faces of Death |type=Motion picture |publisher=Aquarius Releasing| others=Directed by John Alan Schwartz (credited as 'Conan LeCilaire'). Written by John Alan Schwartz (credited as 'Alan Black'). Cinematography by Michael Golden. Edited by James Roy. Music by Gene Kauer. Produced by William B. James, Herbie Lee and Rosilyn T. Scott.|isbn=9780788609329|oclc=432163437|quote=Feeling that the foreigners were comfortable within his domain, the waiter signals for the house specialty.}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Carter|first1=David Ray|editor1-last=Cline|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Weiner|editor2-first=Robert J.|title=From the Arthouse to the Grindhouse: Highbrow and Lowbrow Transgression in Cinema's First Century|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|chapter=It's Only A Movie? Reality as Transgression in Exploitation Cinema|isbn=9780810876552|oclc=659730064|page=307|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKhqh3HFH8AC&lpg=PA3&pg=PA307#v=onepage&q=monkey's%20brain&f=false|language=en}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://deadspin.com/5855402/cut-back-to-a-wide-shot-open-the-skull-the-faces-of-death-guy-looks-back|title=Open The Skull: The Faces Of Death Guy Looks Back|author=Hickey, Brian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424194241/https://deadspin.com/5855402/cut-back-to-a-wide-shot-open-the-skull-the-faces-of-death-guy-looks-back|archive-date=24 April 2018|work=Deadspin|year=2012}} 12. ^1 {{cite thesis|last1=Rodewald|first1=Lucas Alan|title=Misrepresentation at the Movies: Film, Pedagogy, and Postcolonial Theory in the Secondary English Classroom|chapter=The Adventures of Teaching Indiana Jones in the World of the Other|publisher=Iowa State University|id=Document No. 10126564|pages=22–34|date=2016|degree=Masters|via=ProQuest Dissertations Publishing|location=Ames, Iowa|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1797613897/}} 13. ^{{cite film |date=13 December 1985 |title=Clue|title-link=Clue (film) |type=Motion picture |publisher=Paramount / PolyGram| others=Directed by Jonathan Lynn. Story by John Landis and Jonathan Lynn. Screenplay by Jonathan Lynn. Cinematography by Victor J. Kemper. Edited by David Bretherton and Richard Haines. Music by John Morris. Produced by Debra Hill.|isbn=9780792166214 |oclc=1004377222|quote=Monkey's brains, though popular in Cantonese cuisine, are not often to be found in Washington, D.C.}} 14. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Arjana|first1=Sophia Rose|title=Muslims in the Western Imagination|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199324927|pages=142–145|chapter=The Monsters of Orientalism|oclc=899007876|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHWbBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false|language=en}} 5 : Offal|Chinese imperial cuisine|Monkeys|Potentially dangerous food|Brain dishes |
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